Today China has the world's largest older population, defined as aged 65 and over. The size of the older population in the United States is also large, ranking third in the world in 2000. The combined older populations of China and the United States represented 29 percent of the world's population 65 and older in 2000. The large older populations in these two countries are projected to more than double in size over the next three decades. Although currently China is younger than the United States and many other countries, its aging process will accelerate in the next few decades, with a speed surpassing the experience of many Western European countries and the United States. This paper examines the current and future situation of the older population in China and compares China's aging with that of the United States, using 2000 and earlier censuses from both countries as well as the population projections data from the U.S. Census Bureau. Growth of the older population, changes in the age distribution in China with comparisons to the United States, and the projections of the older population's future growth are analyzed and presented. The paper also discusses sources of financial support and living arrangements in China and the United States. Finally, the paper assesses trends in the older population support ratio and the implications for the economic well-being of an aging population.
In tro duc tion: Kin ship and Fam ily in In ter na tional Con textby Wan He, In ter na tional Pro grams Cen ter, Pop u la tion Di vi sion, U.S. Cen sus Bu reau Kin ship and fam ily have been an in ter est and fo cus of multidisciplinary re search for de cades. So ci ol o gists, de mog ra phers, an thro pol o gists, his to ri ans, and econ o mists have de fined and re de fined fam ily from many per spec tives. There are many forms of fam ily. The pre dom i nant fam ily form in west ern so ci ety to day is the nu clear family, com prised of a mar ried cou ple and their chil dren. Be yond the nu clear fam ily, and more prev a lent in many parts of the world, there are sev eral forms of the extended fam ily, in clud ing the stem fam ily, con sist ing of one adult child with his spouse and his par ents, the multigenerational fam ily, where sev eral gen er a tions of fam ily mem bers re side to gether; and the joint fam ily, where mar ried sib lings co-reside (see Kertzer, 1991, andRuggles, 1994 for more dis cus sion).How ever, fam ily form and house hold struc ture are not al ways cre ated solely due to eco nomic need. Of ten, cul tural val ues place im mense pres sure on the be hav -
To analyze various factors influencing the accident severity of urban river-crossing tunnels, 12 influence factors were selected according to the three traffic elements of vehicle, road, and environment, including accident-involved vehicle type, tunnel length, tunnel speed limit, accident occurrence time, and weather. These factors were based on the historical data of 14 urban river-crossing tunnels in Shanghai. A binary logistic regression model was also utilized to identify significant influence factors and analyze the influence degrees of their accident severity. Significance analysis reveals that accident occurrence place, accident-involved vehicle type, tunnel speed limit, number of vehicles involved, and accident type are significantly correlated with accident severity. Moreover, VISSIM traffic simulation model and conflict simulation analysis software called surrogate safety assessment model were utilized to simulate different urban rivercrossing tunnel scenes. The simulation explored the influence degrees of traffic volume, tunnel longitudinal slope, tunnel speed limit, and ratio of heavy trucks, which stand for three traffic elements (i.e., vehicle, road, and environment, respectively) on accident severity. Results show that the factors exerting the greatest influences on accident severity are traffic volume, number of vehicles involved, accident occurrence place, and accident type, followed by tunnel longitudinal slope, tunnel speed limit, and accident-involved vehicle type. Traffic volume, number of vehicles involved, accident type, tunnel longitudinal slope, and accident-involved vehicle type have a significantly positive correlation with accident severity, whereas accident occurrence position and tunnel speed limit have a significantly negative correlation with accident severity. The study results provide a new idea for researches on urban river-crossing tunnels and provide basis and method for tunnel entrance design, speed limit adjustment and regulation of traffic volume.
The rapid growth of the older population in the United States combined with changing living arrangements, marital status, and employment, increases the importance of multi-generational ties for the well-being of families. The U.S. Census Bureau’s earlier reports on grandparents living with grandchildren mostly focused on the background characteristics of all grandparents without classifying them by nativity. This study expands on the research by presenting data for both native- and foreign-born grandparents aged 60 and older who live with and provide care to their grandchildren under 18. Data for this study come from the 2013-2017 American Community Survey 5-year estimates. Among native-born grandparents living with grandchildren, the majority were females, aged 60-69, White alone, non-Hispanic or Latino, married, high school graduate or higher, had no disability, lived in a household that was owned, uninsured, not in labor force, and not in poverty. The foreign-born grandparents were similar in most characteristics except for race component and educational attainment. Key findings include: • Among total older population, 14.3 percent of the foreign-born lived with grandchildren, compared with 4.1 percent of the native-born. • Among co-resident grandparents, the native-born (36 percent) were more likely to be caregivers, compared with the foreign-born (14 percent). • The proportions of co-resident grandparents widely vary by race and Hispanic origin. • Among grandparent caregivers, over 50 percent had been responsible for grandchildren for 5 years or more, while 14 percent for less than a year. • Both native- and foreign-born grandparents show declining patterns of care-giving by age.
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