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Kinetic roughening during thin film growth is a widely studied phenomenon, with many systems found to follow simple scaling laws. We show that for Cu electrodeposition from additive-free acid sulphate electrolyte, an extra scaling exponent is required to characterize the time evolution of the local roughness. The surface width w(l,t) scales as t(beta(loc))lH, when the deposition time t is large or the size l of the region over which w is measured is small, and as t(beta+beta(loc)) when l is large or t is small. This is the first report of such anomalous scaling for an experimental ( 2+1)-dimensional system. When the deposition current density or Cu concentration is varied, only beta(loc) changes, while the other power law exponents H and beta remain constant.

Co–Ni–Cu/Cu multilayered nanowires were prepared by electrodeposition using nanoporous aluminum oxide membranes rather than the more usual track-etched polycarbonate membranes as templates. Very large values of the current perpendicular to plane giant magnetoresistance (CPP-GMR) were recorded: 55% at room temperature and 115% at 77 K. The use of aluminum oxide membranes also made possible a study of the effects of annealing on the CPP-GMR.

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The annual stratification of pack ice has been examined. Summer layers are formed either by arrested growth or by thin layers of fresh‐water ice. The crystal structure and the salt content of the ice reflect the seasonal cycle. During the growth of ice a pronounced orientation of crystalline structure develops; it is determined by vertical as well as by horizontal temperature gradients. There is a marked and systematic increase of salinity with depth, ranging from about 0.1 per mil at the surface to 4.0 per mil at a depth of 300 cm. This salinity distribution remains unaltered during the summer melt season. A tentative attempt has been made to reconstruct the growth history of the ice at Drifting Ice Station A. This shows that the winter growth is strongly related to the thickness of the ice, that the floe on which the station was located was probably eight years old, and that during each of the winters of 1955–1956, 1956–1957, and 1957–1958 the thickness ofthe ice increased nearly 60 cm.

Using a scanning tunnelling microscope break-junction technique, we produce 4,4'-bipyridine (44BP) single-molecule junctions with Ni and Au contacts. Electrochemical control is used to prevent Ni oxidation, and to modulate the conductance of the devices via non-redox gating -the first time this has been shown using non-Au contacts. Remarkably the conductance and gain of the resulting Ni-44BP-Ni electrochemical transistors is significantly higher than analogous Au-based devices. Ab-initio calculations reveal that this behaviour arises because charge transport is mediated by spin-polarized Ni d -electrons, which hybridize strongly with molecular orbitals to form a 'spinterface'.Our results highlight the important role of the contact material for single-molecule devices, and show that it can be varied to provide control of charge and spin transport. KeywordsSingle-molecule, Break-junction, Electrochemical gating, Spintronics, Density functional theory, Metal-molecule interface Main TextSingle-molecule transistor behaviour can be achieved using a gate electrode to control the energy levels of a molecule bridging two metallic electrodes. 1 This gate can be provided electrochemically using the double layer potential existing at the metal-electrolyte interface (Fig. 1a). An electrochemical gate avoids the complex fabrication of solid-state threeterminal molecular devices, can operate in room temperature liquid environments, and can produce high gate efficiencies thanks to the large electric fields which are achievable. There has been significant interest in redox active molecules such as viologens as candidates for electrochemical transistors, 2-4 however the gating of non-redox molecules has only recently been demonstrated using Au electrodes by Li et al. 5 with 4,4'-bipyridine (44BP) molecules,

Superconducting Pb wires (diameter∼50 nm) have been prepared by pulse electrodeposition in nanoporous membranes. Single crystal or polycrystalline nanowires may be grown selectively and reproducibly depending on the pulse parameters. Unexpectedly, the growth of single crystal wires requires a greater departure from equilibrium conditions (greater overpotential) than the growth of polycrystalline ones. The importance of controlling the crystal texture is demonstrated by measurements of the superconducting transition temperature Tc which give significantly different results for polycrystalline and single crystal nanowires.