Results confirm a favourable effect on relapses as pregnancy proceeds, and an early postpartum peak. Pre-conception DMT exposure and low ARR were independently protective against postpartum relapse. This novel finding could provide clinicians with a strategy to minimise postpartum relapse risk in women with MS planning pregnancy.

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-The present study describes the cranial computed tomography (CT) scan findings of 2,000 cases of mild head trauma (HT) in Curitiba, Southern Brazil. The mean age of the entire series was 30.8 ± 19 years. The overall male to female ratio was 2:1. The most common causes of head injury were interpersonal aggression (17.9%), falls (17.4%), automobile accidents (16.2%), falls to the ground (13.1%) and pedestrian injuries (13 %). Alcohol intoxication was associated with HT in 158 cases (7.9%). A normal CT scan was seen in 60.75% (1215) and an abnormal CT scan in 39.25% (785) of patients. Out of 785 abnormal CT scan, 518(65.9%) lesions were related to HT. The most common CT scan HT related findings were: soft tissue swelling (8.9 %), skull fractures (4.3 %), intracranial and subgaleal hematomas (3.4% and 2.4 %), brain swelling (2 %) and brain contusion (1.2%). Out of 785 abnormal CT scans, 267 (34.1%) lesions were not related to head trauma. Incidental CT scan findings included brain atrophy (5.9%), one calcification (5.2%) several calcifications (2.4%) (probably neurocysticercosis in most cases), ischemic infarct (1.9%) and leukoaraiosis (1.3%). These findings showed the importance of CT scan examination in mild head injuries. Further studies to identify mild HT patients at higher risk of significant brain injury are warranted in order to optimize its use.KEY WORDS: head trauma, epidemiology, computed tomography, alcohol abuse. Achados tomográficos no trauma cranioencefálico leve: análise de 2000 casosRESUMO -São descritos os achados de tomografia computadorizada craniana (TC) de 2000 casos de trauma cranio-encefálico (TCE) leve em Curitiba, Paraná. A idade média de toda série de pacientes foi 30,8 ± 19 anos. A razão homem/mulher foi 2:1. A causas mais comuns de TCE foram agressão interpessoal (17,9%), quedas de nível (17,4%), acidentes automobilísticos (16,2%), queda ao solo (13,1%) e atropelamento (13%). Intoxicação por álcool foi um importante fator associado ao TCE e esteve presente em 158 casos (7,9% de 2000 pacientes). Uma TC normal ocorreu em 60,75% (1215) e uma TC anormal em 39,25% (785) dos pacientes. Das 785 TC anormais, os achados tomográficos mais comuns relacionados ao TCE foram: aumento de partes moles (8,9%), fraturas de crânio (4,3%), hematoma intracraniano e subgaleal (3,4% e 2,4%), "swelling" cerebral (2%) e contusão cerebral (1,2%). Os principais achados incidentais das TC anormais foram: atrofia cerebral (5,9%), uma calcificação (5,2%), múltiplas calcificações (2,4%), lesões isquêmicas vasculares (1,9%), leucoaraiose (1,3%). Achados mais incomuns foram calcificação de gânglios da base (0,8%), lesão ocupando espaço-neoplasia (0,4%) e cisto aracnóideo (0,5%). Estes achados mostram a importância da TC no TCE leve. Estudos para avaliar pacientes com TCE leve e com alto risco de lesão cerebral significativa são ainda necessários para otimizar o uso da TC. PALAVRAS-CHAVE: trauma craniano, epidemiologia, tomografia computadorizada, alcoolismo. Trauma is the leading cause of death in children and...

The authors review ataxia telangiectasia, emphasizing historical aspects, genetic discoveries and the clinical presentations of the classical and atypical forms. Our conclusion is that the term ataxia telangiectasia is a misnomer because it represents a multisystem entity with pleomorphic neurological and systemic manifestations. ATM syndrome is proposed as a more adequate designation for this entity.

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Charcot e o Brasil RESUMO -

Objective: To describe the most important coma scales developed in the last fifty years. Method: A review of the literature between 1969 and 2009 in the Medline and Scielo databases was carried out using the following keywords: coma scales, coma, disorders of consciousness, coma score and levels of coma. Results: Five main scales were found in chronological order: the Jouvet coma scale, the Moscow coma scale, the Glasgow coma scale (GCS), the Bozza-Marrubini scale and the FOUR score (Full Outline of UnResponsiveness), as well as other scales that have had less impact and are rarely used outside their country of origin. Discussion: Of the five main scales, the GCS is by far the most widely used. It is easy to apply and very suitable for cases of traumatic brain injury (TBI). However, it has shortcomings, such as the fact that the speech component in intubated patients cannot be tested. While the Jouvet scale is quite sensitive, particularly for levels of consciousness closer to normal levels, it is difficult to use. The Moscow scale has good predictive value but is little used by the medical community. The FOUR score is easy to apply and provides more neurological details than the Glasgow scale.