Big Data has gained much attention from the academia and the IT industry. In the digital and computing world, information is generated and collected at a rate that rapidly exceeds the boundary range. Currently, over 2 billion people worldwide are connected to the Internet, and over 5 billion individuals own mobile phones. By 2020, 50 billion devices are expected to be connected to the Internet. At this point, predicted data production will be 44 times greater than that in 2009. As information is transferred and shared at light speed on optic fiber and wireless networks, the volume of data and the speed of market growth increase. However, the fast growth rate of such large data generates numerous challenges, such as the rapid growth of data, transfer speed, diverse data, and security. Nonetheless, Big Data is still in its infancy stage, and the domain has not been reviewed in general. Hence, this study comprehensively surveys and classifies the various attributes of Big Data, including its nature, definitions, rapid growth rate, volume, management, analysis, and security. This study also proposes a data life cycle that uses the technologies and terminologies of Big Data. Future research directions in this field are determined based on opportunities and several open issues in Big Data domination. These research directions facilitate the exploration of the domain and the development of optimal techniques to address Big Data.
Qatar ranked second in the Arab region on the Government Electronic and Mobile Services Maturity Index 2020, 10 th in Western Asia and 66 th on the UNDESA E-Government Development Index for the same year. Performing well above the global average on most international indexes what are the Qatari lessons to the measurement of the digital transformation of the public sector? This paper focus on three interrelated enablers of digital transformation that is Qatar's approach to governance, inter-government cooperation, and the monitoring and measurement of benefit realization. The analysis finds that the formulation of digital government strategy as well as the monitoring of the implementation of the initiatives follow a joint-governmental approach. This results in a degree of joint ownership and have accelerated IT and technology enabled public sector services production and delivery. In relation to monitoring, measurement and benefit realization the picture is less clear. While there is evidence of Qatar applying measurable success and key performance criteria in relation to the Qatar Digital Government strategy 2020 and applies ex ante, ex post evaluation of strategic projects the results are not publicly available at the time of writing. While past research in countries like Denmark and the UK shows that standardization of the process and close monitoring can reduce the failure factors, this paper only find limited evidence of this in the case of Qatar and is an area of improvement.
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