Conductive fabrics usually exhibit two types of electrical resistance: the length-related resistance and contact resistance. The length-related resistance increases with the applied extensile force, whereas the contact resistance decreases with the contact force. The resistance of conductive knitted fabrics could be modeled by the superposition of the length-related resistance and contact resistance. Three experiments were conducted to investigate the resistance of conductive yarns: two overlapped conduct yarns and conductive knitting stitches under unidirectional extensile forces, respectively; and the corresponding empirical equations were developed. The relationship of the resistance, tensile force, fabric length and width were established. The fitting curves with high coefficient of determinations (>0.94) and low standard errors (<0.18) given by the modeling equations were achieved. Therefore, the proposed model could be used to compute the resistance of the conductive knitting fabrics under unidirectional extension.
This paper presents an experimental study of the protective properties of warp-knitted spacer fabrics developed for protecting the human body on impact. A drop-weight impact tester was used to test the fabrics in a hemispherical form to simulate the use of impact protectors in real life. The study consists of two parts. The first part, presented in the current paper, focuses on the impact behavior of a typical spacer fabric impacted at different levels of energy. The analysis includes the impact process and the energy absorption and force attenuation properties of the spacer fabric. Frequency domain analysis is also used, to identify the different deformation and damage modes of the fabric under various levels of impact energy. The results show that the impact behavior of the fabric under impact in the hemispherical form is different from that in the planar form. The results also indicate that the curvature of the fabric can reduce energy absorption during the impact process and therefore reduce the force attenuation properties of the spacer fabric. This study provides a better understanding of the protective properties of spacer fabrics. The effect of fabric structural parameters and lamination on the protective properties of spacer fabrics under impact will be presented in Part II.
This part aims to investigate the effects of structural parameters and lamination on the impact force attenuation properties of warp-knitted spacer fabrics developed for impact protectors. A series of warp-knitted spacer fabrics was produced on a double-needle bar Raschel machine by varying their structural parameters including spacer monofilament inclination and fineness, fabric thickness, and outer layer structure. The effects of fabric structural parameters, impact energy levels, and laminated layers on the protective performance of the spacer fabrics were tested and analyzed based on the assessment of the peak transmitted force. The results showed that all the structural parameters significantly affect the impact force attenuation properties of the warp-knitted spacer fabrics. It was also found that lamination of the spacer fabrics can effectively improve the force attenuation performance. Three layers of the developed warp-knitted spacer fabrics in a total thickness of about 2.5 cm can meet the requirement of the transmitted force lower than 35 kN at an impact energy of 50 J according to the European Standard BS EN 1621-1:1998.
Electronics + Textiles" is becoming one of the major development topics in the current textile industry. Some studies predicted that the turnover in marketing would be in billions of dollars over the next decade [1][2][3][4]. In the field of intelligent textiles, fabric sensors are being widely studied and used as an essential component of electronic textiles, especially in the fields of medical and athletic applications [5][6][7]. For sensor embedded textile clothing, distribution of clothing pressure is an important factor in intelligent clothing which requires tight contact with skin to obtain reliable physiological signals [5]. However, the garment design elements of the smart clothing have often been ignored. Besides, few empirical researches on intelligent clothing design have been conducted [8]. Worth Global Style Network (WGSN), one leading global service website, Abstract The design elements of intelligent clothing were studied in this research. Both garment design as well as knitting technology concepts were applied to wearable electronic garments with aesthetic, functional, and technical features. In addition, a new garment design method is proposed for a specific task based on combinations of garment design and knitting technology to provide the required confining pressure, and electrical and mechanical properties for the intelligent clothing and also to take into account the requirements for aesthetics. Garment design skills of sewing, attaching accessories, embroidery, cutting, etc. can enhance the functionalities of the knitting technology. Garment design and knitting technology complement each other and provide a greater degree of freedom in intelligent clothing design. Experiments revealed that problems faced in intelligent clothing design, such as confining pressure, flexible electronic circuitry, aesthetic, appearance, and so on, could be successfully solved by the use of different garment design skills and knitting technologies. A garment design application model was set up based on this new design method and can be applied in the future design of intelligent clothing.
The static and dynamic behavior of a developed electrothermal fabric was studied using an electrothermal model that considers the following fabric parameters: thermal conductivity coefficient, specific heat capacitance, fabric mass, and initial temperature. An experiment was set up to measure the average temperature of the knitted fabric of ordinary materials, namely wool, cotton, and acrylic. These materials were knitted with silver-coated conductive yarns in three loop densities each at an applied electric power of 4 W. The calculated coefficient of determination is greater than 0.98, and the fit standard error is smaller than 1.11. Therefore, the analytical equation could accurately model the electrothermal characteristics of the thermal fabrics under an applied electric current and compute the temperature at a certain time for the same fabric using known parameters.
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