Introduction Diabetes mellitus is a chronic disorder that has serious complications. Type 2 diabetes mellitus is more widespread worldwide and in Egypt. Interleukin-16 is a pro-inflammatory factor that can lead to many inflammatory diseases by stimulating the secretions of cytokines. Inflammation and obesity are concomitant factors that may lead to insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes mellitus. In this study, we tried to focus on the relation between Interleukin-16 rs11556218 polymorphism and the risk of development of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Patients and methods 128 type 2 diabetic patients and 128 healthy individuals as control were included in this case-control study. Interleukin-16 gene polymorphism (SNP rs11556218 T/G) was genotyped using a real-time polymerase chain reaction. Results Interleukin-16 rs11556218 T/G gene polymorphism has a statistically significant association with type 2 diabetes mellitus in the co-dominant, dominant and, over dominant genetic models. The genotype TG was presented in approximately 30 % of diabetic patients vs. control (p = 0.04) and patients with TG genotype have a 1.8 times higher risk for developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (OR1.87; 95 % CI = 1.04 to 3.39) and 9.5 times higher after risk-adjusted diabetes (OR9.58; 95 % CI = 1.50 to 61.25) (p = 0.031). We found an association between Interleukin-16 gene polymorphism with both body mass index and high density lipoprotein. Conclusion This study is the first one in the Middle East and Africa which found a correlation between Interleukin-16 gene polymorphism rs11556218 and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Egyptians with TG genotypes have a higher risk to develop type 2 diabetes mellitus.
Background: Recent years showed marked changes in the incidence rate of upper gastroendoscopy associated infections as well as resistance to common antimicrobial agents denoting change in the pattern and possibility of emergence of resistant strains or change in the common causative agents of these infections. Objectives: To assess the prevalence of upper endoscopy associated bacterial infections as well as the most risk factors among patients underwent this procedure in Suez Canal University Hospital. Methodology: This study included patients with upper gastrointestinal symptoms eligible for diagnostic and/or therapeutic interventions upper gastrointestinal endoscopies after giving written consent. Routine hematological investigations such as TLC, ESR and CRP along with blood culture tests which were done on Day zero and after endoscopy on day three and were performed for every patient. Results: The current study involved 125 patients. The incidence rate of bacterial infection was 4% estimated by blood culture. All patients with positive blood cultures were significantly associated with patients who have chronic liver disease (p=0.015). Moreover, all patients with positive blood cultures had hematemesis and /or melena. All patients with positive blood cultures had an intervention, where 40% had band ligation and 60% had sclerotherapy. Conclusion: Diagnostic and therapeutic upper gastrointestinal endoscopies still associated with occurrence of bacterial infection. Therefore, endoscopies should undergo high level of disinfectants.
Background: End-stage renal disease (ESRD) is an increasing health problem worldwide. Older age, diabetes and hypertension, acute kidney damage are among some of the factors that play a role in ESRD. This study aims at exploring liver morbidity (LM) among hemodialysis (HD) patients in an endemic country. Methods: The study included 142 patients aged 12 to 75 years; 53.5% were males. Data were retrieved from files and all participants were examined by abdominal ultrasonography and tested for liver functions and markers and viremia of HCV and HBV. Results: Three patterns of LM were found in 62 (43.7%); fatty in 30, fibrous in 19 and hepatitis in 13. The duration of renal impairment (p=0.02), duration of hemodialysis (p=0.011), and total dialysis sessions (p=0.007) were associated with LM. ALT and AST >40 IU/L levels were elevated in 9.9% and 9.2% of patients. All 14 patients with high ALT showed evidence of LM (p=0.017) compared to 4 of 13 patients with elevated AST (p<0.001). The ROC curve revealed ALT and AST cut-off points of 16.5 and 25.5 IU/L to discriminate LM. According to the new values, 58.5% and 40.1% of the studied participants had high ALT and AST. Conclusion: LM is common among EDKD patients undergoing hemodialysis despite the limited role of ALT and AST. The use of ultrasonography and the new lower levels of ALT and AST could improve the screening approach of LM.
Acute Bacterial Meningitis (ABM) are a potent cause of morbidity and mortality in all age groups, with long-term neurological disability. Objective: to determine the neurological events and bacterial pathogens, isolated from cerebrospinal fluids of suspected bacterial meningitis cases. Methods: Descriptive study included 181 cerebrospinal fluid from suspected ABM cases, aged from 13 to 26 years old, Biochemical, hematological tests, and bacteriological culture were done. Results: The most cerebrovascular symptoms were ventriculoperitoneal (VP) shunt (13.3%), convulsions (10.5%) then brain edema (8.3%), commonest CSF bacterial pathogens were Streptococcus species, E.coli and N. Meningitidis. The susceptibility pattern for isolated bacteria to Meropenam, Levofloxacin, Ciprofloxacin, Rifampicin and Ampicillin were 95%, 85%, 82.5%, 75% and 70%, respectively.Conclusion: Gram negative bacteria show highest susceptibility to Aztroenam and highest susceptibility to Erythromycin for Streptococcus spp. Ampicillins and cephalosporins are still active in the treatment of ABM.
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