Evidence indicates that short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) generated from the gut microbiota play crucial roles in host metabolism. They contribute to metabolic regulation and energy acquisition of the host by influencing the development of metabolic disorders. This review aims to synthesize recent advances from the literature to investigate the implication of SCFAs in the modulation of obesity and diabetes pathologies. For a better understanding of the relationships between SCFAs and host metabolism, we need to answer some questions: What is the biochemistry of SCFAs, and how they are generated by gut microbiota? What are the bacteria producing of SCFAs and from which routes? How SCFAs are absorbed and transported in the gut by different mechanisms and receptors? How SCFAs involved in obesity and diabetes pathologies?

In this work, the exact traveling wave solutions of the generalized Fisher's equation and modified equal width equation are studied by using the G 0 G À Á-expansion method. As a result, many solitary wave solutions are derived from the solutions via hyperbolic functions, trigonometric functions and rational functions. When the parameters were taken at special values, the results obtained were compared with the solution via the tanh method established earlier. In fact, many general nontraveling wave solutions are obtained. The efficiency of the method is demonstrated by applying it for a variety of selected equations.

The (G′/G)-expansion method is used to study ion-acoustic waves equations in plasma physic for the first time. Many new exact traveling wave solutions of the Schamel equation, Schamel-KdV (S-KdV), and the two-dimensional modified KP (Kadomtsev-Petviashvili) equation with square root nonlinearity are constructed. The traveling wave solutions obtained via this method are expressed by hyperbolic functions, the trigonometric functions, and the rational functions. In addition to solitary waves solutions, a variety of special solutions like kink shaped, antikink shaped, and bell type solitary solutions are obtained when the choice of parameters is taken at special values. Two- and three-dimensional plots are drawn to illustrate the nature of solutions. Moreover, the solution obtained via this method is in good agreement with previously obtained solutions of other researchers.

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The(G’/G)-expansion method is proposed for constructing more general exact solutions of the nonlinear(2+1)-dimensional equation generated by the Jaulent-Miodek Hierarchy. As a result, when the parameters are taken at special values, some new traveling wave solutions are obtained which include solitary wave solutions which are based from the hyperbolic functions, trigonometric functions, and rational functions. We find in this work that the(G’/G)-expansion method give some new results which are easier and faster to compute by the help of a symbolic computation system. The results obtained were compared with tanh method.

Exact solutions of traveling wave are acquired by employ a relatively new technique which is called standard tanh method for a nonlinear diffusion-convection equation. The tanh method is applied for the first time for finding travelling wave solutions for the nonlinear diffusionconvection equation = ( ) + ( ) , where n and m, are integers, and ≥ > 1, of order (m=4, n=7) and (m=5, n=9). Analytical solutions of a nonlinear diffusion-convection equations are obtained as a polynomial in tanh(x), and the plots for exact solutions are given. The obtained results are compared with F-Expansion method to validate the proposed approach.

The(G′/G)-expansion method is used for the first time to find traveling wave solutions for thin film equations, where it is found that the related balance numbers are not the usual positive integers. The closed-form solution obtained via this method is in good agreement with the previously obtained solutions of other researchers. It is also noted that, for appropriate parameters, new solitary waves solutions are found.

In this research, the Boiti–Leon–Pempinelli (BLP) system was used to understand the physical meaning of exact and solitary traveling wave solutions. To establish modern exact results, considered. In addition, the results obtained were compared with those obtained by using other existing methods, such as the standard hyperbolic tanh function method, and the stability analysis for the results was discussed.