A novel microstructure of anode materials for lithium-ion batteries with ternary components, comprising tin (Sn), rice husk-derived silica (SiO 2 ), and bronze-titanium dioxide (TiO 2 (B)), has been developed. The goal of this research is to utilize the nanocomposite design of rice husk-derived SiO 2 and Sn nanoparticles self-assembled on TiO 2 (B) nanorods, Sn–SiO 2 @TiO 2 (B), through simple chemical route methods. Following that, the microstructure and electrochemical performance of as-prepared products were investigated. The major patterns of the X-ray diffraction technique can be precisely indexed as monoclinic TiO 2 (B). The patterns of SiO 2 and Sn were found to be low in intensity since the particles were amorphous and in the nanoscale range, respectively. Small spherical particles, Sn and SiO 2 , attached to TiO 2 (B) nanorods were discovered. Therefore, the influence mechanism of Sn–SiO 2 @TiO 2 (B) fabrication was proposed. The Sn–SiO 2 @TiO 2 (B) anode material performed exceptionally well in terms of electrochemical and battery performance. The as-prepared electrode demonstrated outstanding stability over 500 cycles, with a high discharge capacity of ∼150 mA h g –1 at a fast-charging current of 5000 mA g –1 and a low internal resistance of around 250.0 Ω. The synthesized Sn–SiO 2 @TiO 2 (B) nanocomposites have a distinct structure, the potential for fast charging, safety in use, and good stability, indicating their use as promising and effective anode materials in better power batteries for the next-generation applications.

Popped rice carbons (PC) were derived from popped rice by using a facile and low-cost technique. PC was then activated by different kinds of activating agents, such as potassium hydroxide (KOH), zinc chloride (ZnCl2), iron (III) chloride (FeCl3), and magnesium (Mg), in order to increase the number of pores and specific surface area. The phase formation of porous activated carbon (PAC) products after the activation process suggested that all samples showed mainly graphitic, amorphous carbon, or nanocrystalline graphitic carbon. Microstructure observations showed the interconnected macropore in all samples. Moreover, additional micropores and mesopores were also found in all PAC products. The PAC, which was activated by KOH (PAC-KOH), possessed the largest surface area and pore volume. This contributed to excellent electrochemical performance, as evidenced by the highest capacity value (383 mAh g−1 for 150 cycles at a current density of 100 mA g−1). In addition, the preparation used in this work was very simple and cost-effective, as compared to the graphite preparation. Experimental results demonstrated that the PAC architectures from natural popped rice, which were activated by an optimal agent, are promising materials for use as anodes in LIBs.

Bronze phase titanium dioxide (TiO 2 (B)) nanorods were successfully prepared via a hydrothermal method together with an ion exchange process and calcination by using anatase titanium dioxide precursors in the alkali hydrothermal system. TiO 2 precursors promoted the elongation of nanorod morphology. The different hydrothermal temperatures and reaction times demonstrated that the synthesis parameters had a significant influence on phase formation and physical morphologies during the fabrication process. The effects of the synthesis conditions on the tailoring of the crystal morphology were discussed. The growth direction of the TiO 2 (B) nanorods was investigated by X-ray diffractometry (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The as-synthesized TiO 2 (B) nanorods obtained after calcination were used as anode materials and tested the efficiency of Li-ion batteries. This research will study the effects of particle morphologies and crystallinity of TiO 2 (B) derived from a modified hydrothermal method on the capacity and charging rate of the Li-ion battery. The TiO 2 (B) nanorods, which were synthesized by using a hydrothermal temperature of 220 °C for 12 h, presented excellent electrochemical performance with the highest Li storage capacity (348.8 mAh/g for 100 cycles at a current density of 100 mA/g) and excellent high-rate cycling capability (a specific capacity of 207.3 mAh/g for 1000 cycles at a rate of 5000 mA/g).

The development of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) has become an important aspect of advanced technologies. Although LIBS have already outperformed other secondary batteries, they still require improvement in various aspects. Most crucially, graphite, the commercial anode, has a lower capacity than emerging materials. The goal of this research is to develop carbon-based materials from sustainable sources. Banana stem waste was employed as a precursor because of its xylem structure and large surface area. In addition, catalytic graphitization of biomass yields both graphitic carbon and metal oxides, which can be converted into higher-capacity Fe3O4/C nanocomposites. The nanocomposites consist of nanoparticles distributed on the surface of the carbon sheet. It was found that Fe3O4/C nanocomposites not only achieved a superior specific capacity (405.6 mAh/g at 0.1 A/g), but also had good stability in long-term cycling (1000 cycles). Interestingly, they had a significantly greater capacity than graphite at a high current density (2 A/g), 172.8 mAh/g compared to 63.9 mAh/g. For these reasons, the simple preparation approach, with its environmental friendliness and low cost, can be employed to produce Fe3O4/C nanocomposites with good electrochemical properties. Thus, this approach may be applicable to varied biomasses. These newly developed Fe3O4/C nanocomposites derived from banana waste recycling were found to be suitable to be used as anodes for sustainable LIBs.

In this study, nitrogen-doped graphene (NrGO)/ titanium dioxide (B) (TiO2(B))/ silicon composites were synthesized by dispersion method. Weight ratios of NrGO:TiO2(B):Si were varied as 9:1:0, 8:2:0, 7:1:2 and 6:2:2. NrGO was prepared from graphite by the Modified Hummers method, followed by heat treatment under nitrogen atmosphere and N-added by annealing with melamine. TiO2(B) was prepared by hydrothermal method and its phase was confirmed by X-Ray powder diffraction pattern (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and electron diffraction pattern. Silicon was synthesized from bamboo leaves by combustion followed by magnesiothermic reduction process. The results from XRD could confirm components of the composites and the unchanged phase of TiO2(B). From scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images of the composites, together with energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) data, silicon particles were distributed on the surface of NrGO, and TiO2(B) nanorods which are between 0.5-5 µm in length were distributed on the surface and spaces between layers of NrGO, and NrGO/TiO2 8:2 had the most thoroughly distribution of particles.

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