Our results demonstrate that distribution of DIE lesions is asymmetric. It is possible that this is related to the anatomical difference between the left and right hemipelvis and to the flow of peritoneal fluid. These findings support the hypothesis that retrograde menstruation of regurgitated endometrial cells is implicated in the pathogenesis of DIE.
Objectives. To review the current protocols used for management of Ludwig's angina and to assess the efficacy of conservative measures in these cases. Methods. A retrospective review of patients who were admitted to our institution for management of Ludwig's angina between 2003 and 2010. Results. Two patients were identified. Both were managed successfully with conservative measures and close airway observation. None needed an emergency intubation or surgical tracheostomy. There were no mortalities, and both had a short hospital stay. Conclusion. Recently, management of Ludwig's angina has evolved from aggressive airway management into a more conservative one. This is based on close airway observation on a specialised airway unit and a serial clinical airway assessment. Improved imaging modalities, antibiotic therapy, surgical skills, and clinical experience are the key factors behind this change in practice.
Objectives: Surgical navigation systems based on preoperative imaging are now increasingly used for guidance of head and neck resection and reconstruction. The primary aim of this study was to quantify osteotomy cutting accuracy using an image-guidance system for intraoperative cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) imaging and surgical saw navigation. To enable clinical translation of this CBCT-guided navigation system, a secondary aim of the study was to design and fabricate a patient reference tracker suitable for clinical use on a mobile mandible.Methods: First, a preclinical cadaveric study was performed to quantify navigation accuracy with the use of clinically suitable patient reference trackers. Second, a proof-of-principle patient study was conducted to evaluate this technique under clinical conditions.Results: In both preclinical (5 cadavers) and clinical (5 patients) experiments, the mean cutting accuracy was less than 2 mm. In all preclinical specimens, bilateral mandibulectomies and bilateral maxillectomies were performed, for a total of 20 cut planes for analysis. The mean (standard deviation [SD]) values for distance, pitch, and roll were 1.4 mm (1.1 mm), 4.2 (3.5 ), and 2.9 (2.5 ) mm, respectively. Five mandibulectomies were performed on five patients, for a total of 10 cut planes for analysis. The mean (SD) values for distance, pitch, and roll were 1.7 mm (0.8 mm), 5.4 (1.5 ), and 6.7 (4.6 ) mm, respectively.Conclusions: The overall performance in comparison to alternative approaches warrants further consideration. In terms of accuracy, the results presented here are comparable to recent systematic reviews assessing CAD-CAM cutting guides that cite accuracies of~2 to 2.5 mm.
To demonstrate and quantify, in a preclinical setting, the benefit of three-dimensional (3D) navigation guidance for margin delineation during ablative open surgery for advanced sinonasal cancer. Materials and methods: Seven tumor models were created. 3D images were acquired with cone beam computed tomography, and 3D tumor segmentations were contoured. Eight surgeons with variable experience were recruited for the simulation of osteotomies. Three simulations were performed: 1) Unguided, 2) Guided using realtime tool tracking with 3D tumor segmentation (tumor-guided), and 3) Guided by 3D visualization of both the tumor and 1-cm margin segmentations (margin-guided). Analysis of cutting planes was performed and distance from the tumor surface was classified as follows: "intratumoral" when 0 mm or negative, "close" when greater than 0 mm and less than or equal to 5 mm, "adequate" when greater than 5 mm and less than or equal to 15 mm, and "excessive" over 15 mm. The three techniques (unguided, tumor-guided, margin-guided) were statistically compared. Results: The use of 3D navigation for margin delineation significantly improved control of margins: unguided cuts had 18.1% intratumoral cuts compared to 0% intratumoral cuts with 3D navigation (p < 0.0001). Conclusion: This preclinical study has demonstrated the significant benefit of navigation-guided osteotomies for sinonasal tumors. Translation into the clinical setting-with rigorous assessment of oncological outcomeswould be the proposed next step.
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