ImportanceThe number of older patients (80 years and older) diagnosed with locally advanced rectal cancer (LARC) is expected to increase. Although current guidelines recommend neoadjuvant chemoradiation therapy (NACRT) followed by resection, little is known about management and outcomes in this older population.ObjectiveTo assess the trends in management of older patients diagnosed with LARC who had a surgical resection.Design, Setting, and ParticipantsPatients 80 years and older who had a surgical resection for LARC were identified in the 2004-2016 National Cancer Database. Patients were grouped based on therapy sequence: (1) surgery followed by adjuvant therapy (AT), ie, chemotherapy or radiation; (2) surgery alone; or (3) NACRT followed by surgical resection. Data were analyzed in May 2021.ExposuresNACRT followed by surgery, and surgery with or without AT.Main Outcomes and MeasuresOverall survival (OS) was assessed using Kaplan-Meier analyses with inverse probability of treatment weighting (IPTW) and Cox proportional hazards regression were performed to examine the association of NACRT with the risk of death.ResultsOf 3868 patients with LARC who underwent surgical resection, 2042 (52.8%) were male, and the mean (SD) age was 83.4 (3.0) years. A total of 2273 (58.8%) received NACRT followed by surgical resection. Factors independently associated with NACRT were more recent diagnosis, age 80 to 85 years (vs 86 years and older), fewer comorbidities, larger tumors, and node-positive disease. The Kaplan-Meier analyses with IPTW showed that 3-year and 5-year OS for NACRT (3-year: 68.9%; 95% CI, 67.0-70.8; 5-year: 51.1%; 95% CI, 49.0-53.4) vs surgery with AT (3-year: 64.4%; 95% CI, 59.0-70.2; 5-year: 43.0%; 95% CI, 37.4-49.5) vs surgery alone (3-year: 55.8%; 95% CI, 52.0-60.0; 5-year: 34.7%; 95% CI, 30.8-39.0) was significantly different (P < .001). After adjusting for confounders, patients who received NACRT were more likely to undergo an R0 resection (adjusted odds ratio, 2.16; 95% CI, 1.62-2.88), which independently improved OS (P < .001). Moreover, receipt of NACRT was independently associated with a 25% decreased risk of death (adjusted hazard ratio, 0.75; 95% CI, 0.69-0.82) compared with alternative treatment sequences.Conclusions and RelevanceApproximately 40% of older patients with LARC did not receive the current standard of care. In this cohort, NACRT was associated with a higher likelihood of an R0 resection and improved OS. Clinicians should advocate for receipt of NACRT in older patients with LARC.

Limited evidence-based management guidelines for resectable intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (ICC) currently exist. Using a large population-based cancer registry; the utilization rates and outcomes for patients with clinical stages I-III ICC treated with neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAT) in relation to other treatment strategies were investigated, as were the predictors of treatment regimen utilization. Oncologic outcomes were compared between treatment strategies. Amongst 2736 patients, chemotherapy utilization was low; however, NAT use increased from 4.3% to 7.2% (p = 0.011) over the study period. A higher clinical stage was predictive of the use of NAT, while higher pathologic stage and margin-positive resections were predictive of the use of adjuvant therapy (AT). For patients with more advanced disease, the receipt of NAT or AT was associated with significantly improved survival compared to surgery alone (cStage II, p = 0.040; cStage III, p = 0.003). Furthermore, patients receiving NAT were more likely to undergo margin-negative resections compared to those treated with AT (72.5% vs. 62.6%, p = 0.027), despite having higher-risk tumors. This analysis of treatment strategies for resectable ICC suggests a benefit for systemic therapy. Prospective and randomized studies evaluating the sequencing of treatments for patients with high-risk resectable ICC are needed.

Cytoreductive surgery with heated intraperitoneal chemotherapy (CRS-HIPEC) is traditionally an open operation given the dissection required during cytoreduction. There are reports of minimally invasive HIPECs, but CRS to an accepted completeness of cytoreduction (CCR) has been described less frequently. We report a patient with metastatic low-grade mucinous appendiceal neoplasm (LAMN) to the peritoneum treated with robotic CRS-HIPEC. A 49-year-old male presented to our center following a laparoscopic appendectomy at an outside facility with final pathology showing LAMN. He had a peritoneal cancer index (PCI) score of 5 determined by diagnostic laparoscopy. Given the small amount of peritoneal disease, he was deemed a candidate for robotic CRS-HIPEC. Cytoreduction was completed robotically with a CCR score of 0. He then received HIPEC with mitomycin C. This case shows the feasibility of robotic-assisted CRS-HIPEC for select LAMNs. When appropriately selected, we advocate for the continued use of this minimally invasive approach.

Tatton-Brown-Rahman syndrome (TBRS) is a rare overgrowth syndrome first described in 2014.1 This report describes a 17-year-old male with TBRS who presented with primary hyperparathyroidism (PH) and was found to have sestamibi positive imaging. The patient underwent a bilateral neck exploration where an ectopic parathyroid gland was localized and removed. The patient had no surgical complications, and his follow up visit showed normalization of parathyroid hormone and calcium levels. This report represents the importance of obtaining multiple imaging modalities during preoperative preparation for a parathyroidectomy in patients with TBRS. It also demonstrates the need for further publications of anatomic anomalies associated with PH in patients with TBRS in the future.

Neuroendocrine tumors are defined as tumors that express neuroendocrine markers, specifically synaptophysin and/or chromogranin in at least 50% of tumor cells. To date, neuroendocrine cancers of the breast are extremely rare with reports that they account for less than 1% of all neuroendocrine tumors and less than .1% of all breast cancers. Limited literature exists to guide treatment decisions tailored to neuroendocrine tumors of the breast, despite the possibility that they may be associated with an overall worse prognosis. We present a rare case of neuroendocrine ductal carcinoma in situ (NE-DCIS) which was discovered upon workup for bloody nipple discharge. In this case, NE-DCIS was managed with the standard recommended treatment regimen for ductal carcinoma in situ.

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