Combining ferrocene and iodine results in enhanced thermoelectrochemical (or thermogalvanic) waste heat harvesting abilities, for both the Seebeck coefficient and the overall power output. All systems displayed a mixture of ferrocene, ferrocenium, iodine and triiodide. The observed enhancement correlates with lower electron-density on the ferrocene; the synergistic improvement observed for mixtures of substituted ferrocenes and iodine is attributed to the formation of charge-transfer complexes. Combining dibutanoylferrocene and iodine resulted in the highest Seebeck coefficient of 1.67 mV K(-1).
The effect of ionic liquids upon
the mechanical and (bio)chemical
integrity of macadamia nut shells (from Macadamia integrifolia) has been investigated. Whole macadamia nuts-in-shell are notoriously
difficult to crack, and the Australian macadamia nut shells used in
this study required 2240 ± 430 N of force to crack. Ionic liquids
were screened for their solubility values, with 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium
acetate ([Emim][OAc]) able to dissolve 5.5 ± 0.5 wt % macadamia
nut shell. Treatment with small quantities of [Emim][OAc] resulted
in weakened whole nut-in-shells that could be cracked with only ca.
46% of the displacement (0.67 ± 0.16 mm), ca. 34% of the force
(760 ± 240 N) and ca. 15% of the energy (0.25 ± 0.10 J per
shell) relative to no treatment. Further treatment by dissolution
and precipitation of macadamia nut shell, followed by enzymatic hydrolysis
with cellulase, resulted in the release of 80 ± 15% of the expected
glucose content, relative to 1.3 ± 1.0% before any pretreatment.
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