Summary Five investigators familiar with gastric ulcer disease in horses met to establish a scoring system that could be utilised in future studies. Slides of gastric lesions were viewed and discussed and a scoring system established that required the nonglandular and glandular portions of the stomach to be graded separately. Each portion of the stomach (glandular and nonglandular) received a score for number of ulcers present and a score for severity of ulcers which resulted in each stomach receiving 4 separate scores. After the grading system was developed, each investigator independently graded 16 horses with gastric ulcer disease that had been previously recorded on video tape. The results of each investigator's scores were then compared. There was a variability between observers in the scores for severity of both nonglandular and glandular lesions but the variability was not significant The variability between observers for the number of glandular lesions was also not significant. This implied that there was consistency between the 5 observers in the way severity of lesions was scored and the number of glandular lesions. However, there was a significant variability between observers for the number of nonglandular lesions which implied agreement on this observation was more variable.
and Texas up to 1988. The highest rate of infection was found in young Thoroughbred, Standardbred, and quarter horses. Differences in geographic location, sex, and month (season) of infection were not discernible. This report, the first comprehensive survey of EPM in North America, is intended to serve as a basis for evaluating future changes in prevalence and spread of EPM. (Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine 1990; 454-57) SEVERAL equine diseases designated as focal myelitisencephalitis, segmented myelitis-encephalitis, equine spinal ataxia, and equine protozoal myelitis have similar
Saline or glucose solution was infused for approximately 4 hours into six healthy mares in two separate experiments to determine the effect of infusion of crystalloid solutions on fractional excretion (FE) of sodium (Na), chloride (Cl), potassium (K), and phosphorus (P), ratio of urinary creatinine to serum creatinine (Ucr/Scr), and ratio of urinary osmolality to serum osmolality (Uosm/Sosm). After intravenous infusion of either saline or glucose solution, FE,,, FE,, and FE, were significantly increased, whereas Uc,/Sc, and U,,,/S,, were significantly decreased. In addition, FE, was significantly increased after infusion of glucose solution. It was concluded that urinary indices were altered by intravenous infusion of crystalloid solutions in healthy mares and that fluid therapy may interfere with the use of these indices AZOTEMIA IS classified as prerenal, renal or postrenal. Postrenal azotemia is usually easy to identify on physical examination, but distinguishing between renal and prerenal azotemia requires results of laboratory tests. The simplest way to distinguish between renal and prerenal azotemia is to measure the specific gravity of the urine. Frequently, however, azotemic horses require fluid therapy. If fluid therapy is initiated before the collection of samples for laboratory analysis, the urinary specific gravity will be altered, making the classification of the azotemia difficult or impossible. Fractional excretion (FE) of sodium (Na) along with ratios of urinary to plasma creatinine and osmolality, is valuable in distinguishing between horses with renal and prerenal azotemia.' The purposes of this study were to determine if intravenous administration of fluids to horses 1) alters these urinary indices that have been used to differentiate between renal and prerenal azotemia, and 2) alters fractional excretion of chloride (CI), potassium (K), and phosphorus (P). Materials and Methods AnimalsSix healthy Quarter Horse mares ranging in weight from 405 to 636 kg were used in the study. The mares were maintained on a diet of grass hay and grain mix for 2 weeks before the study period. Study DesignThe mares were deprived of feed and water for 16 hours before the beginning of the study. Each horse was restrained in a stock during collection of samples and infusion of fluid; a 14-gauge 1 1.5-cm-long catheter was aseptically placed in a jugular vein. The urinary bladder of each horse was catheterized, and a sample of urine was collected for analysis by test strip* and refractometry. Cystoscopy using a 7 mm X 1 m flexible fiberoptic endo-
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