The locomotory behaviour of the predatory beetle Notiophilus biguttatus F. was examined as a function of three experimental factors: prey traces left in the environment, gut contents and daily food ration. Prey traces led to an increase in the frequency of runs and stops. The size of this effect depended on gut contents. Maximum‐likelihood analysis showed that the activity pattern could be described as a mixture of two kinds of activity, one of them presumably reflecting search behaviour. This enabled a quantification of the experimental results in terms of the frequency with which the beetle exibited search behaviour. Résumé Comportement de prospection du carabe, Notiophilus biguttatus Cet article décrit l'influence de trois paramètres liés à la densité des proies sur le comportement locomoteur de N. biguttatus. Les trois paramètres testés expérimentalement ont été: les traces laissées dans l'habitat par une proie invisible, le contenu de l'estomac, et la ration alimentaire quotidienne du carabe. Les résultats indiquent que le conditionnement de l'habitat par les traces augmente le nombre de périodes d'activité, mais diminue en même temps leur durée, si bien que la durée totale reste constante. La réplétion de l'estomac réduit l'effet des traces (ou conditionnement) de l'habitat. L'analyse de la probabilité maximale a montré que le modèle éthologique peut être décrit au mieux comme un mélange de deux types d'activités, l'une d'entre elles correspondant vraisemblablement au comportement de prospection. Il est ainsi possible de quantifier les résultats expérimentaux en termes de fréquence du comportement de prospection.
In the predatory beetle Notiophilus biguttatus F. pursuit and attack of prey are induced by visual stimuli associated with prey movement. The study presented in this paper shows that locomotory activity in the predator is affected by prey (springtails ‐ Collembola) previously occupying the relevant substratum. This implies that in prey detection non‐visual stimuli are also used. The following effects on locomotion were observed as responses to the cues left by prey: a substantial increase in the frequency of stops and runs and a decrease in the average duration of runs. The adaptive significance of these effects is discussed. Analysis of the experiments includes an evaluation of the statistical powers of the tests used. The estimated powers were used to interpret nonsignificant results. Zusammenfassung Bewegungsaktivität eines visuell jagenden Laufkäfers und nichtvisuelle Reize der Beute Die Verfolgung und der Angriff auf eine Beute folgt beim Laufkäfer Notiophilus biguttatus allein auf die visuelle Wahrnehmung bewegender Beutetiere. In der vorliegenden Arbeit wird gezeigt, das die Aktivität des Käfers sich ändert, wenn vorher in seiner Umgebung Beutetiere (Collembolen) anwesend waren. Diese Änderung bedeutet, dass beim Beutefang auch chemische Spuren benützt werden. Dabei wurden folgende Effekte auf die Lokomotion des Käfers festgestelt: eine beträchtliche Zunahme in der Frequenz von Stehenbleiben und Laufen und eine Abnahme der durchschnittlichen Zeitdauer der Läufe. Die adaptive Bedeutung dieser Effekte wird besprochen. Die Expérimente wurden einer statistischen ‘power’‐Analyse unterworfen. Die ‘power’‐Analyse wurde eingesetzt zur Deutung nichtsignifikanter Ergebnisse und zum Vergleich der Empfindlichkeit verschiedener Aspekte der Lokomotion für den betreffende Reiz.
The efficacy of several formulations of activated charcoal (AC) was compared by measuring the intestinal absorption of a solution of 1 g paracetamol administered 2 min before administration of 5 g AC as suspension (200 ml), tablets (40 of 125 mg) or capsules (25 of 200 mg). The suspension medium without AC was used as the control treatment. Based on the results of a pilot experiment, an 8 subject panel was used in a two 4 x 4 Latin square design. All treatments with AC resulted in a statistically significant decrease in paracetamol absorption compared to the control treatment. The suspension was considerably and significantly more effective than the tablets or capsules. Treatment with tablets was slightly but significantly more effective than capsules. The intake of large numbers of tablets and capsules was difficult. In the hospital AC suspensions are available. For first aid elsewhere, at home, at the working place or in the general practitioner's surgery a preservable and easily redispersible AC formulation would be preferable to the present solid forms.
Discussing several contemporary theological methodologies, Schaafsma, Benjamins, Jansen and Hettema propose a hermeneutical approach to theology. While not questioning their constructive purpose, this contribution points out that there is a difference between understanding hermeneutics as a method of interpretation and hermeneutics as serving an epistemological aim. While the latter asks after the truth, the former may life out of truth. For a constructive contemporary theological approach, it is argued, we should step beyond the epistemological approach and focus on interpretation.
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