Building on the notion of the ‘social nature’ of money, this article investigates how dual-earner couples in Germany, Spain, Sweden and the US handle money in their everyday lives. We analysed in-depth, open-ended interviews conducted with 45 couples in these four countries to determine whether they define money as ‘joint’ or ‘separate’ and to investigate the consequences such definitions have for couple relationships. The concept of the convertibility of money helped us to spell out these consequences in detail. In addition, we explore whether the meaning of ‘joint’ or ‘separate’ money might relate to institutionalized cultural frameworks embodied in welfare policies that vary between countries. Couples in Spain and in Sweden seem to practise a low degree of convertibility of money into other resources, but they do so for different reasons: in Spain, money tends to be considered ‘joint money’ from the outset, whereas in Sweden it is often kept ‘separate’ and outside the relationship. In contrast, in the US and Germany, money, while often classified as ‘joint’ by the couples, is more likely to be seen as each partner’s individual contribution to the relationship. Thus it can be, and often is, converted into resources such as domestic work or recognition.
A geometrically and materially nonlinear analysis with imperfections included (GMNIA) is currently the most sophisticated and perspectively the most accurate method of a numerical buckling strength verification. By this way, equivalent geometric imperfections, which have to cover the influence of all deviations from the nominal data of the resistance parameters, are fundamental. The problem of consistent equivalent geometric imperfections includes the problems of their shape and size. It is recommended to start from the failure modes of the perfect structure in order to get imperfection patterns, which are unfavourable with respect to buckling resistance, relevant referring to manufacture and easy to use. The influence of the imperfection length is not sufficiently attended in the present design codes. It is proposed to use the full wave length of the ideal ring buckling mode as the imperfection length of the equivalent geometric imperfection for the basic buckling case of the axially compressed cylindrical shell. Finally, proposals are made for consistent equivalent geometric imperfection amplitudes of this buckling case.
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