We propose that there is a special B-1a B cell subset (“sB-1a” cells) that mediates linked processes very early after immunization to initiate cutaneous contact sensitivity (CS), delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH), and immune resistance to pneumococcal pneumonia. Our published data indicate that in CS and DTH these initiating processes are required for elicitation of the delayed onset and late-occurring classical T cell–mediated responses. sB-1a cells resemble memory B2 cells, as they are stimulated within 1-hour of immunization and depend on T helper cytokines—uniquely IL-4 from hepatic iNKT cells–for activation and rapid migration from the peritoneal cavity to the spleen to secrete IgM antibody (Ab) and Ab-derived free light chains (FLC) by only one day after immunization. Unlike conventional B-1a (cB-1a) cell–produced IgM natural Ab, IgM Ab produced by sB-1a cells has high Ag affinity owing to immunoglobulin V-region mutations induced by activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID). The dominant cB-1a cells are increased in immunized AID-deficient mice but do not mediate initiation, CS, or pneumonia resistance because natural Ab has relatively low Ag-affinity because of unmutated germ line V-regions. In CS and DTH, sB-1a IgM Ag affinity is sufficiently high to mediate complement activation for generation of C5a that, together with vasoactive mediators such as TNF-α released by FLC-sensitized mast cells activate local endothelium for extravascular recruitment of effector T cells. We conclude by discussing the possibility of functional sB-1 cells in humans.
The gas phase during the chemical vapor deposition of silicon carbide from CH3SiCI3 has been investigated by means of FTIR spectroscopy in the in situ conditions. Results show the formation of SIC14 and CH4 molecules which are the transition products in the deposition process, according to earlier suppositions. The gas phase reaction induced by small amounts of HCI (or H20) in the system is an autocatalytic one. The mechanism of surface reactions is proposed. The importance of gas phase analysis in the deposition process is indicated.
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