Coherent anti-Stokes Raman spectroscopy (CARS) is a relatively new kind of Raman spectroscopy which is based on a nonlinear conversion of two laser beams into a coherent, laser-like Raman beam of high intensity in the anti-Stokes region. The emission is often many orders of magnitude greater than normal Raman scattering and, because of the coherent and anti-Stokes character of radiation, the method is very useful for obtaining Raman spectra of fluorescing samples, gases in discharges, plasmas, combustion, atmospheric chemistry. In this paper we outline the basic theory behind CARS and describe its unusual effects and drawbacks. We review the research to date on various materials, and indicate the possible future direction, utility and applications of CARS such as surface studies, fluctuation phenomena, reaction dynamics, photochemistry, kinetics, relaxation, and energy transfer.

The microwave spectrum and structure of sulfur tetrafluoride has been determined. One FSF angle is 101°33′±30′, the opposite FSF angle is 186°56′±30′. The bond length for the nearly linear bonds is 1.646 A±0.003 A; for the other pair it is 1.545 A±0.003 A. The dipole moment was determined from the Stark effect to be 0.632±0.003 debye.

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Public reporting burden for the collection of information is estimated to average 1 hour per response, including the time for reviewing instructions, searching existing data sources, gathering and maintaining the data needed, and completing and reviewing the collection of information. Records from the Science Citation Index/ Social Science Citation Index (SCI) were analyzed to provide the infrastructure of the global nanotechnology literature (prolific authors/ journals/ institutions/ countries, most cited authors/ papers/ journals) and the thematic structure (taxonomy) of the global nanotechnology literature, from a science perspective. Records from the Engineering Compendex (EC) were analyzed to provide a taxonomy from a technology perspective.• The Far Eastern countries have expanded nanotechnology publication output dramatically in the past decade.• The Peoples Republic of China ranks second to the USA (2004 results) in nanotechnology papers published in the Science Citation Index, and has increased its nanotechnology publication output by a factor of 21 in a decade.• Of the six most prolific (publications) countries in nanotechnology, the three from the Western group (USA, Germany, France) have about eight percent more publications (for 2004) than the three from the Far Eastern group (China, Japan, South Korea).• While most of the high nanotechnology publication-producing countries are also high nanotechnology patent producers in the US Patent Office (as of 2003), China is a major exception. China ranks 20th as a nanotechnology patent-producing country in the US Patent Office.

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