Different samples of filled poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) compositions were formulated from PVC, a polar plasticizer mixture consisting of dioctylphthalate (DOP) and a chlorinated paraffin, and variable proportions of a white filler such as barite, calcium carbonate, kaoline, quartz, or talc; a conductive filler such as High Abrasion Furnace (HAF) carbon black; or a hydrated mineral filler such as aluminium hydroxide, magnesium hydroxide, or calcium hydroxide. Epoxidized soybean oil as a heat stabilizer and sandorin red (BRN) pigment were added. Electrical and mechanical studies show that the incorporation of white fillers produces a plasticized PVC of good electrical insulation character whereas the addition of HAF carbon black produces a sample with some electrical conductivity; both of them have good mechanical properties. Of the hydrated fillers studied aluminium hydroxide has been found to impart the best fire retardancy and good electrical properties for electric wires and cables.
Polymerization of aniline nanoparticles was carried out in aqueous micellar solutions of surfactants, including anionic (sodium dodecyl sulfate), nonionic (nonyl phenol ethoxylate), and cationic (cetyltrimethyl ammonium bromide) surfactants. The size and morphology of these synthesized PANI nanoparticles strongly depended on the structure of the surfactants used in the formation of micelles, as shown by transmission electron microscopy. Scanning electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and X-ray diffraction were used in the characterization of the synthesized PANI nanoparticles. The PANI nanoparticles revealed enhanced conductivity compared to conventional bulk PANI. In addition PANI-poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) nanocomposites were synthesized. The results revealed that the PMMA nanoparticles retarded thermal decomposition and enhanced the conductivities compared with pristine PANI nanoparticles.
Polystyrenes (PS's) with different molecular weights were chemically modified with maleic anhydride (MA) with of benzoyl peroxide as an initiator or with a cationic catalyst such as FeCl 3 in chloroform. The effect of the solvents (i.e.; chloroform, benzene, toluene, xylene, and tetrahydrofuran), PS and MA concentration, molecular weight of PS, and type of catalyst used in the chemical modification was studied. The rate of the reaction was different with different solvents because of chain transfer to the solvent. The IR spectra of the modified polystyrene (MPS) existing at the end of the chemical modification were taken to show the presence of a carboxyl group fixed to the aromatic ring of PS. The kinetics of the reaction of MPS with MA were also studied. MPS samples containing À ÀCOÀ ÀCH¼ ¼¼ ¼CHÀ À COOH fragments inside chains were crosslinked, as proven by differential thermal analysis.
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