(GDI), the most widely used self-report measure of depression for children, has been studied, but we still know relatively little about how developmental differences relate to CD1 structure. Here, we evaluated whether the GDI factor structure differed in large samples of clinic-referred children versus adolescents. Our results indicated real but modest differences. Both groups produced 5 first-order factors, but the composition of the factors differed somewhat for children versus adolescents. Both groups also produced a 2nd-order, general depression factor, although items loading on the factor differed somewhat for the 2 groups: For children but not adolescents, several externalizing behavior items (e.g., / never do what I am told} loaded on the general factor: in contrast, for adolescents but not children, several vegetative items (e.g.. / am tired all the time} loaded on the general factor. Overall, the child-factor pattern appeared to involve fewer CD1 items than did the adolescent pattern.
The aims of this study were to determine the characteristics and perceived levels of fatigue and the prevalence of depression in children with chronic fatigue syndrome and to assess
Investigated the effects of rational vs. irrational belief systems (as measured by the Ellis Irrational Values Scale) and rational vs. irrational self‐verbalizations on levels of anxiety and persistence on a performance task. Ss (N = 40) were instructed to assemble a virtually insolvable task call Soma. The variables of interest were how long each S would persist on this task and how much anxiety (as measured by the A‐State portion of the State‐Trait Anxiety Inventory) was aroused in working on this task. Following a baseline trial trying to solve Soma, Ss were assigned to either a rational or irrational self‐talk condition and were led to believe that such self‐talk would help in a second attempt to solve Soma. In line with cognitive models of psychology, it was found that rational self‐talk Ss showed a significant decrease in levels of state anxiety compared to irrational self‐talk Ss in attempting to solve Soma in the second trial. Contrary to cognitive models of psychology, scores obtained from the EIVS and the A‐Trait portion of the STAI were not found to be related to persistence.
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