Alamethicin (AMT) is a linear antimicrobial peptide isolated from fungi Trichoderma viride. To date, the mode of action of AMT in plant cells remains unknown. Our experimental results indicate that AMT causes leaf lesion attributed to its multiple effects on PSII. AMT decreases the O2 evolution rate of PSII. Based on chlorophyll fluorescence data, similar to the classical herbicide diuron, AMT interrupts PSII electron transfer beyond QA at the acceptor side, leading to the inactivation of the PSII reaction centers. Additionally, AMT decreases chlorophyll content and destroys the architecture of PSII pigment assemblies. However, AMT does not affect the oxygen-evolving complex at the donor side of PSII. Thus, it is concluded that AMT is a natural photosynthetic inhibitor with several action sites in PSII.Additional key words: bioherbicide; chlorophyll a fluorescence; leaf lesion; natural product. transport rate; FV/FM -maximum quantum yield of PSII photochemistry; OEC -oxygen-evolving complex; qP -photochemistry quenching coefficient; RCs -reaction centers; ROSreactive oxygen species; TAP -Tris-acetate-phosphate; TR0 -trapping flux.
Liu S., Deng L., Fu Y., Hu G., Liu W., Zhao X. (2016): Identification and characterization of the yls mutation in rice (Oryza sativa L.) with lower photosynthetic pigment content. Czech J. Genet. Plant Breed., 52: 101-107.Normal chloroplast development in rice is essential for photosynthesis and yield potential. To explore the physiological and molecular mechanism of chloroplast development, we isolated the rice mutant yls, which has yellow-green leaves at the rice seedling stage. In comparison with wild type (WT) plants, mutant plants had lower chlorophyll and carotenoid contents at the seedling stage. Transmission electron micrographs of the leaves of mutant plants showed abnormal grana stacking. We finally mapped the YLS gene within the BAC clone OSJNBa0032M21 of chromosome 11. Sequence analysis revealed the existence of a 33-bp deletion within the 3'-untranslated region (UTR) of the cpSRP54 gene, which encodes the 54-kDa subunit of the chloroplast signal recognition particle (SRP). A knockdown of cpSRP54 using RNAi technology produced the yls phenotypes, indicating that cpSRP54 is responsible for the phenotypic changes found in the yls mutant. The study suggests the existence of a functional association between cpSRP54 and chloroplast development in rice.
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