The effect of caffeine (300 mg/70 kg) on cognitive, perceptual and motor functions was investigated both alone and in combination with ethanol (0.75 g/kg) in 68 healthy student volunteers of both sexes. A test battery consisting of standing steadiness, simple and complex reaction time, manual dexterity, numerical reasoning, perceptual speed and verbal fluency was used. Placebos for both drugs were included. Caffeine was administered in decaffeinated coffee immediately after finishing drinking the alcoholic beverage. A peak plasma ethanol concentration of 92 +/- 4 mg/100 ml occurred at 40 min which was not modified by caffeine. Caffeine did not antagonise the ethanol-induced decrement in performance except in the reaction time tests. Caffeine alone caused a significant increase in body sway at 40 min.
SUMMARY The effects of prolonged strenuous exercise on the plasma concentrations of sodium, potassium, calcium, chloride, bicarbonate, phosphate, albumin, cholesterol, glucose, creatinine, bilirubin, alkaline phosphatase, creatine phosphokinase, lactic dehydrogenase and aspartate amino transferase were studied in a group of 26 horses competing in an endurance ride. There were significant changes in most parameters, when control values were compared with those taken immediately after the ride. There was also a significant correlation between several biochemical parameters and heart rate taken 30 minutes after the ride. When faster and slower horses were compared, significant differences were found only in phosphate and glucose values. RÉSUMÉ Sur 26 chevaux soumis à une épreuve d'endurance, on étudie les modifications plasmatiques du sodium, du potassium, du calcium, des chlorures, bicarbonates, phosphates, de l'albumine, du cholesterol, du glucose, de la creatinine, de la bilirubine, des phosphatases alcalines, creatine phosphokinase, lacto déshydrogénase et aspartate amino transferase. Dans la plupart des paramètres des modifications significatives furent constatées entre les valeurs recueillies en fin d'effort et les valeurs de controle. Des corrections significatives furent également constatées entre certains paramètres et le rythme du coeur, trente minutes après l'épreuve. Des taux plasmatiques de phosphates et glucoses ont été différents de manière significative suivant la rapidité des chevaux. ZUSAMMENFASSUNG Die Auswirkungen einer längeren, grossen Anstrengung auf die Plasmakonzentrationen von Natrium, Kalium, Calcium, Chlorid, Bikarbonat, Phosphat, Albumin, Cholesterin, Glucose, Kreatinin, Bilirubin, alkalische Phosphatase, Kreatin‐Phosphokinase, Lactatdehydrogenase und Aspartat‐Amminotransferase wurden an einer Gruppe von 26 Pferden studiert, die an einem Distanzritt teilnahmen. Signifikante Veränderungen der meisten Parameter gegenüber den Ausgangswerten stellten sich nach der Ausdauerprüfung ein. Es bestand auch eine signifikante Korrelation zwischen mehreren biochemischen Parametern und der Herzschlagfrequenz 30 Minuten nach dem Ritt. Ein Vergleich von schnelleren und langsameren Pferden ergab nur für Phosphat und Glucose signifikante Unterschiede.
We compared cotinine, carboxyhemoglobin, and thiocyanate concentrations in blood sampled from 187 cigarette smokers and 181 non-smokers. All three differed significantly between smokers and non-smokers. Cotinine performed best as a test for assessing smoking status, with a sensitivity of 98% as compared with 94% for carboxyhemoglobin and 80% for thiocyanate, all at a specificity of 95%. These differences were statistically significant. Results by none of these three methods correlated well with number of cigarettes smoked per day.
SUMMARY The effect of drinking habits on the frequency distributions of eight biochemical or haematological test results was studied in 7915 patients attending a multiphasic health testing centre.Increasing incidences of abnormal results with increasing alcohol intake, at levels of alcohol intake habitual for a large proportion of the population, were found for plasma gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase, triglycerides and uric acid, and for erythrocyte mean corpuscular volume. Of four frequently used liver function tests, aspartate aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, bilirubin, and albumin, only aspartate aminotransferase was strongly affected by drinking habits.These findings have relevance for the detection of individuals whose drinking habits are harmful to them, and for the interpretation of 'profile' results.It is well known that alcohol intake is associated with a number of metabolic changes and with overt clinical disease, and the association between alcohol and abnormalities in certain biochemical and haematological test results has been shown by Rosalki and Rau (1972) and by other workers (Rollason et al., 1972;Olin et al., 1973;Spencer-Peet et al., 1973;Ostrander et al., 1974;Unger and Johnson, 1974;Wu et al., 1974;Patel and O'Gorman, 1975).Most studies on this subject have compared groups of 'normal' people (some of whom may be quite heavy drinkers) with patients who are suffering from the clinical and social effects of their drinking -termed 'alcoholics'. We were interested in the effect of different levels of drinking on the results of biochemical tests in the context of a multiphasic health testing programme, in which those attending answer a questionnaire on their health, medical history, and social habits and undergo a number of physiological, biochemical, and haematological tests. This study has been undertaken both to determine the degree of abnormality which may be accounted for by the admitted alcohol intake alone, without seeking other causes, and to detect those individuals whose alcohol intake is producing metabolic changes which may later lead to clinical disease.titioner, but a survey of patient attitudes to Medicheck (Rawson, 1975) has shown that in approximately 60 % of referrals the suggestion of attendance came from the patient rather than from the referring doctor. No detailed analysis of social class has been made, but the survey cited showed that incomes were higher than the Australian average.Blood was taken after fasting since the previous evening, and the subjects then answered about 150 questions related to their medical history, present subjective assessment of health, presence of symptoms, and social habits including alcohol consumption. The questions relating to alcohol are shown in Table 1. Results for seven biochemical tests and one haematological test were abstracted from the data held on computer file and related to the stated alcohol intake for both frequency and amount. Significance of association was assessed by the chisquare test (Bradford Hill, 1971).Results for men ...
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