No abstract

Temperature dependences of the CW-EPR spectrum as well as the electron spin−lattice relaxation time T 1 and phase memory time T M determined by electron spin echo were measured for Cu2+ ions in (NH4)2Mg(SO4)2·6H2O single crystal. The dependences are dominated by vibronic behavior of the Cu(H2O)6 2+ complex and connected to the dynamic Jahn−Teller effect producing reorientations between two lowest energy wells of the adiabatic potential surface. Below 70 K the static Jahn−Teller effect is observed, and the system is strongly localized, by the local strains, in the deepest potential well leaving higher wells not populated. Above this temperature the second well becomes progressively populated, and a rapid averaging of the g z and g y factors as well as corresponding hyperfine splittings appears. The Boltzmann population of these two wells is achieved at 160 K. Simultaneously with g factors averaging a continuous broadening of the hyperfine lines is observed with line shape transformed from Gaussian at 70 K to Lorentzian at 160 K. The averaging and broadening processes are thermally activated with energy barrier δ12 = 108 ± 3 cm-1 = 156 K = 1.26 kJ/mol being the energy difference between the two deepest potential wells. Electron spin relaxation was measured below 50 K where electron spin-echo signal was detectable. Spin−lattice relaxation is driven by the direct and Raman processes with relaxation rate 1/T 1 = aT + bT 5 as expected for dynamic Jahn−Teller systems. Spin−spin phase relaxation described by the phase memory time T M depends on temperature as 1/T M = a + bT + c exp(−Δ/kT) with Δ = 102 ± 2 cm-1. At low temperatures the higher energy well is not populated; thus, Δ can be assigned as the energy of the first excited vibronic level in the deepest well. The Δ and δ12 are temperature-independent, indicating that adiabatic potential surface is not affected by temperature. We suggest that the deviations of experimental data from theoretically predicted vibronic g-factors averaging observed for Cu2+ in many Tutton salt type crystals are not due to temperature variations of the local strains or barrier height but are due to the fact that Boltzmann population of the potential wells cannot exist at low temperatures. This effect is especially pronounced for Cu2+ ions in (NH4)2Mg(SO4)2·6H2O since the energy Δ of the first vibronic level is lower than the energy difference δ12 between adjacent wells. In such case the phonon-assisted tunneling jumps between the energy wells induced by two-phonon Raman processes via virtual state of energy δ12 become to be effective when kT ≥ δ12/2, and the Boltzmann population of the second well is achieved via direct phonon process when thermal phonons of energy kT ≥ δ12 are available.

Spin-lattice relaxation time T1 was determined by the electron spin echo (ESE) method in the temperature range 4-60 K in a series of Tutton salt crystals MI2MII(SO4)2·6X2O (MI = NH4, K; MII = Zn, Mg; X = H, D) weakly doped (⩽1018 ions cm-3) with the 63Cu2+ isotope. The ESE signal was undetectable at higher temperatures. The relaxation rate increases over the six decades in the studied temperature range with T1 equal to 1 s at 4 K and 0.5 µs at 50 K. Various possible relaxation mechanisms are discussed with the conclusion that the relaxation is governed by two-phonon Raman processes without a noticeable contribution from the reorientations of Cu(H2O)6 octahedra between Jahn-Teller distorted configurations. Deuteration of the crystal has no effect in spin-lattice relaxation. For a few crystals, having the largest Cu2+ concentration among the studied crystals, a strong and linear in temperature contribution to the relaxation rate was found below 15 K. Possible explanations are discussed with the final conclusion that this effect is due to a non-uniform Cu2+ distribution in the host lattice producing effective relaxation via pairs and triads of the Cu2+ ions. From the T1(T) dependence the Debye temperature ΘD was determined for the all crystals studied. This varies from ΘD = 166 K for K2Zn(SO4)2·6H2O to ΘD = 238 K for (NH4)2Mg(SO4)2·6H2O. The ΘD values are discussed and used for calculation of the sound velocity which was found to be similar in all crystals and equal to ν = 4150(±150) m s-1.