Clinical data from 488 cats (1979-2000) with histopathologically confirmed feline infectious peritonitis (FIP) and 620 comparable controls were evaluated retrospectively to assess the value of several diagnostic tests frequently used in the evaluation of cats with suspected FIP. Diagnostic utility of serum albumin to globulin ratio for the diagnosis of FIP was greater than of the utility of serum total protein and gamma-globulin concentrations. Diagnostic utility of these variables was higher when performed on effusion. On effusion, positive and negative predictive values of Rivalta's test, a test that distinguishes between exudates and transudates (0.86 and 0.97), anti-coronavirus antibody detection (0.90 and 0.79), and immunofluorescence staining of coronavirus antigen in macrophages (1.00 and 0.57) were investigated. The positive and negative predictive values of presence of anti-coronavirus antibodies were 0.44 and 0.90, respectively, antibody concentrations (1:1,600) were 0.94 and 0.88. presence of immune complexes measured by a competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay were 0.67 and 0.84, and detection of viral RNA by serum reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) were 0.90 and 0.47. Effusion RT-PCR was performed in 6 cats; it was positive in all 5 cats with FIP and negative in the cat with another disease. Diagnostic assays on the fluid in cats with body effusion had good predictive values. Definitive diagnosis of FIP on the basis of measurement of various variables in serum was not possible. Serum tests can only be used to facilitate the decision for more invasive diagnostic methods.

The reservoirs and the modes of transmission of the most frequent microsporidial species in humans, Enterocytozoon bieneusi, are still unknown. We have examined fecal samples of 26 humans and 350 animals from 37 species to find 18 samples containing this parasite from humans, cats, pigs, cattle, and a llama. Genotypic characterization of the internal transcribed spacer of the rRNA gene resulted in 14 different genotypes, 6 of them previously undescribed. Phylogenetic analysis revealed the lack of a transmission barrier between E. bieneusi from humans and animals (cats, pigs, and cattle). Thus, E. bieneusi appears to be a zoonotic pathogen.Microsporidia are newly emerging pathogens of humans and animals. Due to the small size of their spores and uncharacteristic staining properties they are difficult to detect by light microscopy. As a consequence, Enterocytozoon bieneusi, the species now known to be the most frequent in microsporidial infections of humans, was not discovered until 1985 (5). It is now recognized as a true pathogen, causing diarrhea especially in immunocompromised patients (2, 19).E. bieneusi has recently been found in the feces of animals, including pigs, rhesus macaques, cats, and cattle (4,11,13,18). However, the potential reservoirs and the mode of transmission of this pathogen are still unknown. Traditional epidemiological studies to address the zoonotic potential of this pathogen, for example, case control studies to identify risk factors such as contact with certain animals, are hampered by the small number of diagnosed microsporidial infections. Experimental infections of humans are prohibited for ethical reasons.As an alternative, this problem could be solved by a differentiation of strains within this species and a comparison of the strains found in humans with those detected in animals. Unfortunately, because the spores of E. bieneusi strains are morphologically indistinguishable and since this species cannot be cultured, traditional morphological, biochemical, and immunological methods are unavailable for strain differentiation. Instead, a genotypic method has been described to differentiate characteristic genotypes of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) of the rRNA gene (rDNA) (16).Before this report, 14 ITS genotypes were known from humans (5 genotypes), pigs (6 genotypes), a cat (1 genotype), and cattle (2 genotypes) (1, 13, 15-18), but since no identical ITS genotypes of E. bieneusi were found in humans and animals its zoonotic potential was controversially discussed. In this report we investigated diarrheal fecal samples of another 26 humans and 350 animals from 37 species. Molecular epidemiological analysis of these data now offers convincing evidence for a zoonotic potential of E. bieneusi. MATERIALS AND METHODSOrigin of stool and fecal samples. Fecal samples from 34 primates (26 humans, one chimpanzee, four gorillas, two baboons, and one mandrill), 122 carnivores (one mustelid, one polar bear, 60 cats, and 60 dogs), 147 even-toed ungulates (one wild boar, 50 domestic pigs, fo...

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BackgroundEtiology of hemorrhagic gastroenteritis (HGE) syndrome in dogs is unknown and histopathologic and microbial investigations have only been performed post mortem.ObjectiveTo identify characteristic intra vitam endoscopic and histologic mucosal lesions, as well as bacterial species, within the mucosa of dogs with HGE.AnimalsTen dogs diagnosed with HGE were included. Eleven dogs with gastroduodenoscopy and different intestinal diseases were used as controls for microbial changes. Dogs pretreated with antibiotics or diagnosed with any disease known to cause bloody diarrhea were excluded from the study.MethodsIn this prospective study, gastrointestinal biopsies were collected from 10 dogs with HGE. Endoscopic and histologic changes were assessed according to WSAVA guidelines. Biopsies from the stomach, duodenum, ileum, and colon were investigated by histology and by immunohistochemistry for the presence of Clostridium spp. and parvovirus. The first duodenal biopsy taken with a sterile forceps was submitted for bacterial culture.ResultsAcute mucosal lesions were only found in the intestines, not in the stomach. Clostridium spp., identified as Clostridium perfringens in 6/9 cases, were detected on the small intestinal mucosa in all dogs with HGE, either by culture or immunohistopathology. In the control group, C. perfringens could only be cultured in one of 11 dogs.Conclusions and Clinical ImportanceThe results of this study demonstrate an apparent association between C. perfringens and the occurrence of acute hemorrhagic diarrhea. The term “HGE,” which implies the involvement of the stomach, should be renamed as “acute hemorrhagic diarrhea syndrome.”

Abstract. The canine extramedullary plasmacytoma (cEMP) has recently been the subject of numerous investigations, indicating that the histomorphologic diagnosis is often difficult because of the variety of morphologic features. Therefore, the objective of this study was to establish a subclassification scheme for cEMPs and to evaluate correlations between the types and malignancy. Retrospectively, 117 cEMPs, all immunohistochemically characterized by a monoclonal immunoglobulin light-chain expression, were collected and assigned to morphologic types. These types were compared using data from a follow-up study on metastasis and tumor recurrence, then compared by proliferation rate, determined by immunohistochemical detection of the antigen Ki-67. Histopathologic typing revealed five different types of cEMPs, ranging from the mature type with typical plasma cells to the polymorphous-blastic type. Between these two forms, three additional types were established: hyaline, cleaved, and asynchronous. Most of the cEMPs were of the cleaved and asynchronous types. In all cEMPs, mononuclear and multinuclear giant cells were present to varying degrees. Although the results of cell proliferation and the follow-up study indicated less benign behavior by the polymorphous-blastic type, the proliferation rate revealed no statistically significant differences among the cEMP types. The clinical data therefore confirmed previous findings that the risk of tumor recurrence and metastasis in general can be classed as low. The established cEMP typing system is probably a very helpful diagnostic tool, although the types cannot be used for a tumor grading system.