Ketamine-HCl has been reported, depending on experimental conditions and dosage given, to have significant cardiovascular and endocrine effects in some species. However, previous studies in primates have inadequately distinguished between animal handling and ketamine effects. We, therefore, examined the effects of various doses of ketamine (0, 5 , 10, 15, and 20 mg/kg) on mean arterial blood pressure and on plasma insulin, glucose, and cortisol concentrations in 10 chronically cannulated Macaca fascicularis monkeys which had been acclimated to restraining chairs. Each monkey received three different doses of ketamine according to a balanced incomplete block design. Ketamine anesthesia produced no significant changes in plasma insulin, glucose, or cortisol concentrations nor did it affect mean arterial blood pressure. In addition, the effects of ketamine-HC1 on endocrine responses to insulin-induced hypoglycemia were examined in four animals according to a cross-over design. These animals also had chronically maintained cannulas and had been acclimated to restraining chairs. Plasma glucose concentrations, as well as plasma ACTH, growth hormone, and cortisol responses in ketamine-anesthetized animals receiving an insulin challenge were no different from those in unanesthetized control animals. Thus, our studies indicate that ketamine-HCl does not perturb these particular hormonal systems in M. fuscicularis monkeys.
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county resident, calculated by the total number of pills dispensed, divided by the total population); rate of opioid prescriptions by type (rates of brand or generic types of opioids or painkillers); and morphine equivalency: (how many units of morphine are prescribed per person in the form of all opioids). Descriptive statistics were presented. Results: There is an annual rate increase in all three types of controlled substances prescribed. In 2012, 37.8 opioid pills, 13.8 benzodiazepine pills, and 4.7 stimulant pills were prescribed for every person in the county. This has been a steady increase annually from 2008 when the pills/person were 30.0, 11.3 and 3.8. The rate of opioid prescriptions are further detailed by the generic types, including the number of pills per population prescribed for hydrocodone, oxycodone, codeine, fentanyl, hydromorphone, methadone, and morphine. Hydrocodone is the most prescribed medication with 21.1 pills written for each person in the county in 2012, up 19.4% from 17.6 in 2008. Oxycodone has an increase of pills/person up 172.1%. The rate of morphine equivalency is how many units of morphine are prescribed per person with the total morphine equivalents having increased 30.1% from 2008 to 2012 across all opioids. Oxymorphone increased 209.4% over the study period. Conclusion: Since 2008 there has been a steady increase in rates of opioid prescribing in our county, with the most alarming increase being from oxymorphone.
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