A policy simulative model with the main purpose of simulating the effects of alternative policy moves and obtaining an accurate read-cut of resulting urban-suburban conditions is the focus of this paper.The model deals with the movement of various population groups and the resulting effects on some very broad indicators of city-suburban life, rather than with particular topics like transportation, land use and the like. The level of abstraction is thus intermediate and is directed at providing practical policy suggestions for a particular city--Newark--for which the model is calibrated. The model, however, is general enough in nature so that it can be applied to other urban-suburban complexes and therefore the policy suggestions made on a fairly broad basis.The outputs of the model are graphically represented to show the results of alternative policies which then may be compared. As a side benefit the inputs to the model can also serve as a "social report" on the present status of an area.Policy questions to be answered by the model include: Should a city budget be directed somewhat differently? Should a city ask the state or federal government for funding and for how much? What may be expected from imposing a city sales tax, weighing the revenue benefit against costs of lost sales or citizens? And last, would the federal government not be better off by simply giving money to the poor directly instead of to cities?
This paper develops a generalized programming model for scheduling the issuance of debt by a corporation or Government in a way which meets predetermined capital needs and which minimizes the present value of the future stream of projected interest charges and other costs associated with debt issuance. Features incorporated in the model include: transactions costs of debt issuanc:e, transactions costs involved in stockpiling and then selling marketable securities to finance capital outlays, optimal calling of existing bonds, and the impact of coverage and smoothness ratios on interest rates faced by the debt-issue on the market. The paper also addresses various theoretical questions raised by the particular format chosen.The model was formulated as an integer programing problem. sample problem was solved, and the capability developed to run future large-scale simulations. Future extensions of the model will include: risk in future interest rates and returns on capital projects; the choice of capital projects; and, for corporations, the choice of the equity debt-mix and a. reformulation of the objective function toward value maximization rather than cost minimization.A five-period
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