This study compared death anxiety ratings as measured by the Templer Death Anxiety Scale (Templer, 1970) in 121 Japanese and 139 Australian subjects. Japanese subjects had significantly higher death anxiety scores than their Australian counterparts. Australian women scored significantly higher than Australian men, but no sex differences were found in the Japanese sample. A slight but statistically significant positive correlation was found between age and death anxiety scores. This study contradicted other research that indicated that Eastern cultural attitudes mitigated anxiety about death. These findings are discussed in relation to the complex relationship between culture and death anxiety as well as in relation to problems inherent in our current conception of death anxiety.
Data derived from an administration of the Death Anxiety Scale [1] to Australian samples is analyzed with a view to providing comparative cross-cultural observations as well as some indication of realiability and validity in the Australian context. Measures of central tendency and dispersion and sex differences were found to be comparable with other surveys of similar groups to those of the present study. The Scale does not appear to suffer from acquisence set, is internally reliable and groups that would be expected to score lower than others, do so – providing some indication of construct validity. The Scale is not “factorially-pure,” however, and at least three “sub-scales” can be identified. These sub-scales are analyzed and discussed.
Whether or not male snow crab (Chionoecetes opilio) undergo a terminal molt when they develop large chelae is reviewed. Evidence supporting terminal molt includes laboratory studies in which large-clawed animals failed to molt and field studies which failed to find large-clawed males with mouth parts indicating imminent molting. Both studies were poorly documented. The field studies were largely conducted during inappropriate seasons and molt status based on a questionable mouth part stage. There is also an unsubstantiated claim that large-clawed animals fail to form limb buds for limb regeneration during the next molt and an inconclusive study of the degeneration of the Y-organ. We present new data against terminal molt including capture of large-clawed males with internal carapaces indicating impending molts, capture of two large-clawed animals with mouth parts indicating active premolting, recovery of two tagged large-clawed animals which molted while at liberty, and that the largest small-clawed animals usually are not large enough to account (through growth in a single molt) for the largest of the large-clawed animals. Also, one large-clawed male reportedly molted in captivity. We conclude that the existence of a terminal molt in male snow crab is not proven.
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