Current flood risk mapping, relying on historical observations, fails to account for increasing threat under climate change. Incorporating recent developments in inundation modelling, here we show a 26.4% (24.1–29.1%) increase in US flood risk by 2050 due to climate change alone under RCP4.5. Our national depiction of comprehensive and high-resolution flood risk estimates in the United States indicates current average annual losses of US$32.1 billion (US$30.5–33.8 billion) in 2020’s climate, which are borne disproportionately by poorer communities with a proportionally larger White population. The future increase in risk will disproportionately impact Black communities, while remaining concentrated on the Atlantic and Gulf coasts. Furthermore, projected population change (SSP2) could cause flood risk increases that outweigh the impact of climate change fourfold. These results make clear the need for adaptation to flood and emergent climate risks in the United States, with mitigation required to prevent the acceleration of these risks.

Synopsis Seed yields tended to be higher at the narrow spacing between rows. The effects of spacing within row were variable. All four components of yield were affected to some degree by spacing. However, seed and pod numbers were affected more than seed weight and seeds per pod. The relative importance of branches varied with spacing for seed and pod numbers but had little or no effect on seed weight and seeds per pod.

Abstract. Rapid urbanisation, climate change and unsustainable developments are increasing the risk of floods. Flood is a frequent natural hazard that has significant financial consequences for Australia. The emergency response system in Australia is very successful and has saved many lives over the years. However, the preparedness for natural disaster impacts in terms of loss reduction and damage mitigation has been less successful.In this paper, a newly derived flood loss function for Australian residential structures (FLFA rs ) has been presented and calibrated by using historic data collected from an extreme event in Queensland, Australia, that occurred in 2013. Afterwards, the performance of the method developed in this work (contrasted to one Australian model and one model from USA) has been compared with the observed damage data collected from a 2012 flood event in Maranoa, Queensland. Based on this analysis, validation of the selected methodologies has been performed in terms of Australian geographical conditions.Results obtained from the new empirically based function (FLFA rs ) and the other models indicate that it is apparent that the precision of flood damage models is strongly dependent on selected stage damage curves, and flood damage estimation without model calibration might result in inaccurate predictions of losses. Therefore, it is very important to be aware of the associated uncertainties in flood risk assessment, especially if models have not been calibrated with real damage data.

In the irrigated desert area of Imperial Valley, Calif., Cocorit 71 durum (Triticum durum Desf.) was developing sufficient yellow berry to be penalized in price received by growers. The objectives of the study were to define the relationship between nitrate fertilizer timing, protein, and yellow berry in grain and to recommend the N fertilization program leading to the highest yield of low yellow berry grain yield. The study was conducted on a well drained vertic torriorthent of the entisol order. Plots were fertilized with 0, 135, 202, 270, or 404 kg/ha of N as ammonium nitrate in three treatments: all preplant (P), half preplant, and half at tillering (PT); and one‐third each at the preplant, tillering, and boot stages (PTB). Grain protein content differed significantly between treatments. Yellow berry decreased by 16.4 to 18.5% for each percentage increase in crude protein in the grain. PTB gave significantly higher protein in the grain than the other treatments. Protein content had significant linear correlation with shatter, lodging, average grain size, and grain density. PTB at 270 kg N/ha was the lowest N application that gave a consistently high yield, with less than 25% yellow berry. The wetter of two irrigation treatments had significantly less lodging in 1976, and longer straw, higher yield, and lower grain density in 1977. Effects were similar to the above in comparison treatments of ‘Mexicali 75’ durum and ‘Yecora Rojo’ (Triticum aestivum L.), a hard red spring wheat. It was recommended that N fertilization be 90 kg/ha at preplant, again at tillering, and again at the boot stage.