Using verified records from 1970 onwards, northern distribution boundaries in Atlantic Europe and Scandinavia are established for Gracilaria bursa‐pastoris, G. multipartita, G. gracilis and Gracilariopsis longissima, the last two species being distinguished for the first time in Northern Ireland, Scotland, Denmark, Germany and The Netherlands. Boundaries are shown to exist as zones (rather than lines) fluctuating in location and in time. Thermal requirements for survival and growth in G. gracilis have been determined, and the requirements for all four species are related to their geographical boundary zones.
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