Sharp debridement is the most efficient method for clearing the woundbed in the exudation and granulation phase of wound healing. At our clinic the anaesthetic lidocaine-prilocaine cream, EMLA, has been used as an analgesic for sharp debridement since 1994. A review of patients' records was conducted, including ulcer size, dose of cream used, analgesic efficacy and complications. During a 6-year period a total of 1084 patients were treated for leg ulcers, decubitus ulcers, abscess revisions, anal and coccyx fistulae, postoperative wounds, diabetic ulcers and burns. Doses ranging from 3 to 150 g cream were applied for 45-60 min. In all patients except three the analgesia was adequate for debridement. We observed no allergic reactions, no clinical symptoms of local anaesthetic toxicity or methaemoglobinaemia. In 12 patients (1.1%) a burning sensation was reported directly after the application of EMLA cream to the ulcer, which, however, subsided within 15-20 min. In our experience, sharp debridement in percutaneous analgesia with EMLA is efficient, economical, safe, and tolerable for the patient.
The densities of both the vapor and liquid of
1-chloro-1,2,2,2-tetrafluoroethane along the phase
boundary
from 293 K to 395 K and in the liquid phase from 120 K to 268 K at
pressures to 4.5 MPa have been
measured. The measurements along the phase boundary curve were
made with an apparatus that allows
the simultaneous determination of liquid and vapor densities using
Archimedes' principle. The relative
measurement uncertainties of the vapor pressure and the liquid and the
vapor densities of R124 (mole
fraction of impurities: less than 0.2%) at 373 K are ±1 ×
10-4, ±5 ×
10-4, and ±1 ×
10-3, respectively.
For the measurements in the liquid single-phase region along 11
quasi-isochores at pressures up to 4.5
MPa an isochoric apparatus was used. The relative measurement
uncertainty of pv/(RT) is less than
±1
× 10-3 (95% confidence level). In
addition, the vapor pressure in the temperature range from 120 K
to
273 K was measured. Correlation equations are presented for
reproducing the vapor pressures, liquid
densities, and vapor densities. The results are compared with
those of recent publications.
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