The coning of water can impact well productivity and increase water treatment requirements. Coning correlations are often used to model water-breakthrough time and water cut due to coning. Most existing coning correlations are based on a steady state approximation so that the prediction of water-breakthrough time and initial water cut development are generally unreliable. By first determining the key reservoir, production, and well completion parameters through a theoretical analysis, improved correlations were developed. They have been extensively compared with numerical simulation results to validate their general applicability. The correlations simplify the procedure in the study of the effects of production rate, vertical and horizontal permeabilities, well completion location, physical properties of fluids, relative permeabilities, aquifer thickness, completion interval size, and drainage radius on coning dynamics.The new correlations can be used in a stand-alone program or in reservoir simulation. In field-scale reservoir simulation, correlations are often employed to model sub-scale flow behavior near a well. Hence, technical issues in implementing correlations into a finite difference simulator are also discussed. In addition, the new correlations are extended to multi-layered, nonhomogeneous reservoir models.
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