The requirement to fabricate CCD imagers free of defects brings about the need to identify the origin of the defects in an effort to improve the imager technology. The following defects in the video display were commonly observed: vertical and horizontal lines, localized spots, and striations. Their origin was analyzed using a combination of optical microscopy, chemical etching, and EBIC. It was establishd that they are related to defects present in the oxide and polysilicon, defects introduced into the bulk silicon by processing, and defects present in the starting material. A detailed discussion of their relation to the starting material, device processing steps, and their appearance in the displayed output as a function of the device operating conditions is given.
The issues involved in using a pictorial versus a descriptive format to collect data on working posture are reviewed. The use of pictograms to represent limb displacement or joint angle is evaluated and shortcomings in terms of fidelity to the posture being assessed and the facility with which trends and summaries can be extracted are identified. The advantages of a format using only verbal descriptions are described in terms of the flexibility to mix behavioral and anatomical elements, the flexibility to adjust and label measurement intervals and categories, and a layout which facilitates the comparison and summary of data.
The problems associated with the fatigue life of aeroplane structures have been so thoroughly discussed by experts of international repute that it is with some trepidation that the present speaker ventures into this difficult and controversial field. However, the need for more experimental fatigue data on actual structural components (as distinct from idealised test specimens) is undeniable; further, it is hoped that the present paper may stimulate discussion. Opinions expressed in this paper are the author's personal views, and do not necessarily reflect the policy of the Ministry of Supply.A comprehensive bibliography on this subject has been given recently by Lundberg in the 18th Wright Brothers’ Lecture.
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