The article is devoted to the publication of series of five early Sarmatian burials in the barrow 1 of the burial mound, which is located to the West of Kuleshovka village of Azov district in the Rostov region. Burials were made inside of the barrow of the Bronze Age and formed a rough row in the west-east direction. The 10th burial destroyed the previous 9th burial. The burials were constructed inside of the undercuts and rectangular pits, in one case-in the double-chamber undercut. All the buried were stretched out on their back and oriented to the southern sector. The burial equipment is represented by swords, arrows, mirrors, beads and various ceramics. Most of the burials might form a family-clan burial mound. The analysis of the burial equipment shows that most of the burials belong to the early stage of the Early Sarmatian culture of the Lower Don region and dates from the 2 nd century BC, perhaps, the second-third quarter of the century. This date is set by a sword with a sickle-shaped head, arrow heads with slightly profiled three-bladed heads and long petioles, the "megarian" bowl (burial 17), the mirror with a large diameter by the edge of the roller (burial 10), the red-lacquer kanfar and Bosporian jug (burial 29). The burial 24, which is located on the edge of the western row, might be an exception; because it has later equipment consisted of a sword with a ring-shaped head of later time and arrow heads with short petioles.
There are different points of view regarding the date of the appearance of the early Sarmatian archaeological culture of the 2nd – 1st centuries BC within the Lower Don region. However, most researches have been of the view that the Lower Don region and the Northeastern Black Sea region were developed by the Sarmatians relatively late, namely not earlier than the second half of the 2nd century BC. The main objective of this study is to define the date of the first appearance of the Sarmatians on the territory of the Don region based on the analysis of the archaeological data from Sarmatian and ancient archeology, as well as information from the literary and epigraphic sources. According to the scale of the relative chronology there is plenty of early monuments in the Sarmatian antiquities within the 2nd century BC. However, the number of chronological indicators in Sarmatian burials of this time horizon is relatively low. On the basis of the Rhodian amphora with stamps, black-glazed cantharoi and Megarian bowls, the date of the earliest complexes can be set within the second or third quarters of the 2nd century BC. The arrival of the Sarmatians had a general destabilizing effect on the situation in the Don region and the Northeastern Black Sea region. The destruction of settlements and the devastation of territories were recorded on the Bosporus. The city of Tanais in the Lower Don region was fortified in the second quarter of the 2nd century BC. The first reliable mentions of the Sarmatians in official documents are dated to the end of the first – the beginning of the second quarter of the 2nd century BC (the treaty is dated 179 BC, Delphic manumissions). Further the authors conclude that the first appearance of the Sarmatians in the Lower Don region and the Northeastern Black Sea region is associated with the movement of nomadic tribes as a result of the expansion of the Xiongnu state, formed at the end of the 3rd century BC, which reached the Russian southern steppes as a result of domino effect.
The article is devoted to the publication of an iron segmented helmet found in mound 2 of the Beysuzhek 36 burial ground in the Kuban steppe region. Ciscaucasian Sarmatian burials with helmets belong to the culture of nomads of the 2nd – 1st centuries BC, identified with the Siraces of Strabo. It is obvious that the helmet from the Beysuzhek 36 burial ground is imported. It was made by a professional armourer and certainly does not belong to Greek, Celtic or Roman traditions of armour production. Middle Eastern helmets of the first millennium BC are represented by single finds. The lack of archaeological finds is partly compensated by images of similar helmets on the Bosporan tombstones, reliefs of Trajan’s column and Nile mosaic of Palestrina. The burial inventory is dated back to the late 2nd – 1st centuries BC. According to literary sources, the Sarmatians fought against the commanders of Mithridates VI Eupator, and later, as a part of the army of Mithridates, against the Romans in Asia Minor. The Sarmatians also made up a significant part of the army of the Bosporus of Cimmeria King Pharnaces II during his attempt to recapture the Pontic Kingdom. Thus, the appearance of the helmet in question in the North Caucasus region could be associated both with the participation of the Sarmatians in the Mithridatic wars, and with the events of 48–47 BC, when King Pharnaces II tried to take back the territories that had previously belonged to his father. During these wars, a Sarmatian soldier somehow received the rare Middle Eastern helmet.
The article discusses the classification and chronology of mirrors of the Lower Don Early Sarmatian culture of the 2nd – 1st centuries BC. In the Early Sarmatian culture of the Lower Don region of the 2nd – 1st centuries BC, large mirrors with a roller along the edge of the disk and a wedge-shaped handle-pin (department 2) and small mirrors in the form of a flat disk without a handle (department 1, type 2) are prevailing. Large mirrors with a roller along the edge of the disk and a wedge-shaped handle-pin (44.7%) gravitate towards monuments of the early stage, most of which are located in the eastern regions of the left bank. Mirrors in the form of a small flat disk without a handle (41.5%) are already known in the complexes of the early horizon of the Lower Don Early Sarmatian culture, but they become widespread later. At the final stage of the Early Sarmatian culture and in the Middle Sarmatian time, such mirrors completely prevail over mirrors of other forms. Other varieties of mirrors are represented by a small number of copies. Many mirrors were accompanied by the remnants of cases, one mirror had a stand. Most of the mirrors are found in female burials, much less – in male ones; with child’s bones, fragments of mirrors were found only twice. Most often, the mirrors were located close to the body of the buried, most often near the skull, shoulders, chest of the buried, sometimes on the body or under it. Most of the finds are fragments of mirrors, whole specimens are relatively few (only about 20%). Large fragments could be used for their intended purpose; small fragments probably served as amulets. Many mirrors are damaged – chopped, bent, broken, have traces of shock. It is believed to be the traces of some actions of a ritual-magical nature in order to free the soul of a thing or render the harmless of the deceased. It should be noted that in the funeral rites of the early Sarmatians, not only mirrors but also other categories of equipment – swords, knives, boilers, vessels, were subjected to mass ritual damage.
В очередной сборник ежегодника ИИМК РАН включены статьи, посвященные новейшим исследованиям в области археологии, истории и культуры. Впервые вводятся в научный оборот материалы, полученные в результате изучения поселений и погребальных памятников от эпохи камня до средневековья на территории Евразии. В ряде статей рассматриваются конкретные археологические комплексы и отдельные категории материала. В специальный раздел сборника включены работы по актуальным проблемам археологии, касающиеся древностей эпохи бронзы и раннего железа Северного Причерноморья и лесостепной зоны Восточной Европы. В сборнике представлены рецензии на новейшую историко-археологическую литературу и информация о прошедшем в октябре 2017 г. V (XXI) Всероссийском археологическом съезде Отдельный раздел посвящен истории науки. Среди авторов ежегодникаученые из России, Азербайджана, Казахстана, Молдовы, Франции и Германии. This yearbook of IIMK RAS includes a collection of articles concerned with the most recent researches in the sphere of archaeology, history and culture. It is the first time that some materials obtained through investigation of settlements and burial sites dating from the Stone Age to the Middle Ages in the territory of Eurasia are scientifically published. In a number of the papers, particular archaeological complexes and categories of finds are discussed. A special section of the collection considers works on the urgent problems of archaeology and antiquities of the Bronze Age and Early Iron Age of the Northern Black Sea Region and forest-steppe zone of Eastern Europe. The present collection presents reviews of the latest historical and archaeological publications and information on the 5th (XXIth) All-Russian Archaeological Congress held in October, 2017. A separate section is dedicated to the history of science. Among the authors of this yearbook there are scientists from Russia, Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, Moldova France and Germany. Обложка:Первая страница -Бронзовая пряжка-пластина из кургана № 43 могильника Ала-Тей 1 (к статье М. Е. Килуновской и П. Леуса) First page -Bronze plate/buckle from kurgan no. 43 at the cemetery of Ala-Tey 1 (article by M. E. Kilunovskaya and P. M. Leus) Четвертая страница -Двор Ладожской крепости. Карта вертикального градиента поля аномалий силы тяжести: а -изолинии вертикального градиента поля аномалий силы тяжести; б -линии геофизических профилей; в -буровые скважины (1989 г.); г -фрагменты разрушенных крепостных стен; д -предполагаемые контуры погребенных развалин каменной кладки, обнаруженные при раскопках А. Н. Кирпичникова (к статье Н. В. Григорьевой, В. В. Кошевого, О. Ю. Медведева)Fourth page -Courtyard of the Ladoga fortress. Map of the vertical gradient of the field of anomalies of the gravitation force; а -isolines of the vertical gradient of anomalies of the gravitation force; б -lines of the geophysical profiles; в -boreholes (1989); г -fragments of the ruined defensive walls; д -presumed outlines of the buried ruins of the stonework found during A. N. Kirpichnikov's excavations (a...
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