Soil is an important natural resource whose proper use requires a good knowledge of all endogenous and exogenous factors that cause different types of degradation. Erosion is one of the forms of soil degradation. Erosion processes are characterized by a distinctive complexity and the factors affecting them are dynamics and change in space and time. A complex system degradation requires a multidisciplinary approach to the use of modern methods and techniques. Today, a large number of models are available for the assessment of soil loss through erosion as well as the levels of risk from erosion, today. Most of these are based on the logics of GIS thanks to its ability to sublimate heterogeneous information. In this paper, the analysis of spatial and temporal degradation of natural resources is carried out in the Likodra River watershed. The Likodra River is located in the northwestern part of the Republic of Serbia, and is positioned in the municipality of Krupanj. The main stream in the immediate vicinity of the town of Krupanj formed from four small streams that have expressed torrential character (the Bogostica with the Krzava and the Cadjavica with the Brstica). In May 2014, the urban area and rural parts of the municipality Krupanj were affected by catastrophic flash floods that resulted in the loss of human lives and enormous material damage. Soil degradation in the study area was analyzed using the Erosion Potential Method (EPM). The method is characterized by a high degree of reliability for determining the intensity of erosion, calculation of sediment yield and transport. The advantage of this method compared to other methods its lower complexity in terms of quantity of input parameters, simplicity and the possibility of application in GIS. In addition, the method has the advantage of choice, because it was developed in this area. The method is based on the analytical processing of data on factors affecting erosion. As the erosion spatial phenomenon appears on the map according to the classification on the basis of the calculated analytical erosion coefficient (Z), which depends on the characteristics of the soil, vegetation cover, relief and visible degree of erosion. By applying the Erosion Potential Method (EPM) an erosion map has been developed, showing the spatial distribution of erosion processes in the catchment area of the Likodra River watershed. The erosion map provides an insight into the state of erosion processes of different intensity and character. For the study basin, all its visible manifestations are manifested in the medium coefficient of erosion Zsr = 0.204. The current state of erosion was analyzed in comparison with the situation in the original 1983 erosion map of FR Serbia.
Soil erosion is a global problem that negatively affects the quality of the environment, the availability of natural resources, as well as the safety of inhabitants. Soil erosion threatens the functioning of urban areas, which was the reason for choosing the territory of the Master Plan of Belgrade (Serbia) as the research area. The calculation of soil erosion loss was analyzed using the G2 erosion model. The model belongs to a group of empirical models and is based on the synthesis of the equation from the Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation (RUSLE) and the Erosion Potential Method (EPM). The estimation of soil degradation was analyzed in two time periods (2001 and 2019), which represent the time boundaries of the management of the Master Plan of Belgrade. The novel approach used in this research is based on using the land cover inventory as a dynamic indicator of the urbanization process. Land cover was identified using remote sensing, machine learning techniques, and the random forest algorithm applied to multispectral satellite images of the Landsat mission in combination with spectral indices. Climatic parameters were analyzed on the basis of data from meteorological stations (first scenario, i.e., 2001), as well as on simulations of changes based on climate scenario RCP8.5 (representative concentration pathways) concerning the current condition of the land cover (second scenario). A comparative analysis of the two time periods identified a slight reduction in total soil loss. For the first period, the average soil loss value is 4.11 t·ha−1·y−1. The analysis of the second period revealed an average value of 3.63 t·ha−1·y−1. However, the increase in non-porous surfaces has led to a change in the focus of soil degradation. Increased average soil loss as one of the catalysts of torrential flood frequencies registered on natural and semi-natural areas were 43.29% and 16.14%, respectively. These results are a significant contribution to the study of soil erosion in urban conditions under the impact of climate change.
Извoд: Прилoг тумaчeњу улoгe гeoсрeдинe у фoрмирaњу eкстрeмних прoтицaja Рoсoмaчкe рeкe пружa eгзaктнe и eмпириjскe дoкaзe o знaчajнoсти и пoтрeби њeнoг пoзнaвaњa. Зa хидрoлoшки нeизучeнe вoдoтoкe, пoгoтoву зa oнe кojи нeмajу кoнтинуитeт прoтицaja, пoзнaвaњe улoгe гeoсрeдинe у нaстajaњу њихoвих eкстрeмних прoтицaja дoпринoси рeaлниjeм oдгoвoру нa прaктичнa питaњa упрaвљaњa рeчним вoдaмa, зaштити oд нeжeљeнoг дejствa вoдa, дeфинисaњa eкoлoшкoг aспeктa вoдoтoкa пoд утицajeм рaзличитих прoмeнa у блискoj будућнoсти (климaтских, aнтрoпoгeних, хидрoлoшких), oчувaњу квaлитeтa рeчних вoдa, испуњaвaњу зaхтeвa Oквирнe дирeктивe EУ o вoдaмa 2000. Циљ рaдa je бoљe рaзумeвaњe рeчних систeмa и њихoвих oтицaja у виду вeликих и мaлих вoдa или пoтпунoг прeсушивaњa хидрoлoшки нeизучeних aли и хидрoлoшки изучeних вoдoтoкa, a крoз прикaз улoгe гeoсрeдинe. Нa кoнкрeтнoм примeру Рoсoмaчкe рeкe, хидрoлoшки нeизучeнoг вoдoтoкa, истaкнут je знaчaj гeoсрeдинe у тумaчeњу њeних eкстрeмних прoтицaja. Aнaлизирaн je дoпринoс слeдeћих eлeмeнaтa гeoсрeдинe сливнoг пoдручja: литoлoшкoг, нeoтeктoнскoг, хидрoгeoлoшкoг и мoрфoлoшкoг. Meтoд истрaживaњa je зaснoвaн нa тeрeнским истрaживaњимa, квaнтитaтивнoj гeoмoрфoлoшкoj aнaлизи, систeмaтизaциjи и синтeзи дoбиjeних рeзултaтa, кao и aнaлизи публикoвaних рaдoвa. Taкoђe, дoпринoс сe oглeдa у истицaњу пoтрeбe кoмуникaциje измeђу стучњaкa рaзличитих спeциjaлнoсти кojи сe бaвe хидрoгрaфским систeмимa.
Негативни утицаји на животну средину у ски-центрима Србије имају веома наглашене естетске, функционалне и финансијске последице, што је уочљиво на примеру ски-центра "Стара планина". Изградња ски-стаза утичe на деградацију земљишног и вегетационог покривача. Одређене активности повећавају ерозиону продукцију и пронос наноса: чисте сече; транспорт трупаца низ нагиб; изградња путева и масивни ископи. Недостатак мера за заштиту од ерозије, посебно у периоду aприлoктобар, доводи до различитих облика деформације терена, као што су: бразде, јаруге, клизишта, осулине. Адекватна заштита угрожених површина реализује се применом концепта рестаурације и противерозионе заштите, од нивоа израде планске и техничке документације, до касније изградње објеката.
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