Public transport services, particularly bus services, play an important role in a sustainable transportation system. However, despite various efforts, bus ridership has decreased. The appearance of shared and on-demand vehicle services is one of the main reasons for this issue. In addition, bus tourism services have been successfully developed to meet the exigent needs of tourists. Therefore, a new level of daily bus service is necessary to adapt to the changing demands of customers. Bus interaction (BI) plays an important role in bus services. Nevertheless, the conventional concept of BI mainly refers to users, physical interaction, and safety, but it does not address non-users, non-physical interactions, service quality, and other aspects. This study aims to elaborate on a new concept of bus services. Based on this, we developed a theoretical framework for BI. A meta-analysis was then conducted to identify the achievements and untouched aspects. The results of this study provide three main contributions. First, an unprecedented novel concept of BI is defined, including 13 types of interactions. Second, a comprehensive theoretical framework of BI is established based on the relationships between eight sustainable bus system sub-aspects and 13 BI types. Third, based on the theoretical framework and findings of the reviewed studies, a common finding comprehensive framework of BI is completed, which is accompanied by 1) key findings of the 13 BI types, 2) conclusions of traffic conditions affecting BI research, 3) BI research gaps, and 4) 16 main suggestions for future BI research.
The fourth industrial revolution, digital transformation, and blockchain technology are those the terms get most interested in recently. The application of new technology to obtain the accuracy, convenience, and speed in managing work in general always attract much attention from the community. In the field of education, the exploitation of new technologies to promote the development of education and training is not out of the common trend. Current studies in blockchain-based application for education often focuses on exploiting features such as security, immutability, independence, etc., and applying them to verify the correctness and anti-counterfeiting of diplomas/certificates. Researches related to support student management is still very limited. In this paper, we study and propose a blockchain-based application to support the management of students' activities in general, such as managing code of conducts, extracurricular activities or soft skill courses for instance. The aim is to study the application of smart contracts of blockchain technology to support automatic, transparent and unbiased student reward or discipline through conduct point assessment. Along with that, the system will assist in verifying the career skills that students have accumulated to enhance the strength and reliability of the resume or portfolio of students.
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