No abstract

No abstract

No abstract

Summary Background The high rate of infections among patients admitted to critical care units (CCUs) is associated with high rate of antibiotic consumption, especially broad-spectrum antibiotics. This study is to describe the antibiotics use in CCUs in primary and secondary hospitals in Vietnam, a setting with high burden of antibiotic resistance. Methods This was a 7-day observational study in 51 CCUs in hospitals from 5 provinces in Vietnam from March to July 2019. Patients aged ≥ 18 years admitted to the participating CCUs was enrolled consecutively. We collected data on patient's demographics, initial diagnosis and antibiotic therapy within the first 24 hours. Antibiotic therapy was classified by the Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical (ATC) Index and the 2019 WHO Access, Watch, Reserve (AWaRe) groups. Findings Out of 1747 enrolled patients, empirical antibiotic treatments were initiated in 1112 (63.6%) patients. The most frequently prescribed antibiotics were cefotaxime (22.3%), levofloxacin (19%) and ceftazidime (10.8%). Antibiotics were given in 31.5% of patients without diagnosis of infection. Watch and/or Reserve group antibiotic were given in 87.3% of patients and associated with patient's age (aOR 1.01 per 1-year increment, 95%CI 1.00-1.02) and the presence of SIRS on admission (aOR 2.1, 95%CI 1.38-3.2). Interpretation We observed a high frequency use and a substantial variation in patterns of empirical antibiotic use in the CCUs in Vietnam. It highlights the importance of continuous monitoring antibiotic consumption in CCUs.

Abstract-Attack signature validation plays a key role in intrusion detection and prevention technologies. Usually, when new attacks, particularly worms, appear, security software analyzes and generates signatures for these attacks. Since inaccurate signatures may block legitimate traffic that is similar to the attack traffic (false positives), security software is reluctant to deploy new signatures without extensive testing. The testing procedure, however, can be time consuming, resulting in significant delays (hours or even days) in signature dissemination. To alleviate this problem, in this paper, we propose a novel architecture based on P2P technology for fast content signature validation. The basic idea is to collect and store recent network traffic at peers participating in the system in advance and use it to validate new signatures. Since the amount of traffic that needs to be checked against is huge, we also propose a high-performance validation algorithm over stored traffic data. Experimental results show that our proposed system can validate candidate attack signatures and determine potential false positives rates in just a few seconds.