The fruits of diploid and octoploid strawberry (Fragaria spp) show substantial natural variation in color due to distinct anthocyanin accumulation and distribution patterns. Anthocyanin biosynthesis is controlled by a clade of R2R3 MYB transcription factors, among which MYB10 is the main activator in strawberry fruit. Here, we show that mutations in MYB10 cause most of the variation in anthocyanin accumulation and distribution observed in diploid woodland strawberry (F. vesca) and octoploid cultivated strawberry (F. 3ananassa). Using a mapping-by-sequencing approach, we identified a gypsytransposon in MYB10 that truncates the protein and knocks out anthocyanin biosynthesis in a white-fruited F. vesca ecotype. Two additional loss-of-function mutations in MYB10 were identified among geographically diverse white-fruited F. vesca ecotypes. Genetic and transcriptomic analyses of octoploid Fragaria spp revealed that FaMYB10-2, one of three MYB10 homoeologs identified, regulates anthocyanin biosynthesis in developing fruit. Furthermore, independent mutations in MYB10-2 are the underlying cause of natural variation in fruit skin and flesh color in octoploid strawberry. We identified a CACTA-like transposon (FaEnSpm-2) insertion in the MYB10-2 promoter of red-fleshed accessions that was associated with enhanced expression. Our findings suggest that cis-regulatory elements in FaEnSpm-2 are responsible for enhanced MYB10-2 expression and anthocyanin biosynthesis in strawberry fruit flesh.

OpenModelica is currently the most complete opensource Modelica-and FMI-based modeling, simulation, optimization, and model-based development environment. Moreover, the OpenModelica environment provides a number of facilities such as debugging; optimization; visualization and 3D animation; web-based model editing and simulation; scripting from Modelica, Python, Julia, and Matlab; efficient simulation and co-simulation of FMI-based models; compilation for embedded systems; Modelica-UML integration; requirement verification; and generation of parallel code for multi-ore architectures. The environment is based on Modelica and uses an extended version of Modelica for its implementation. This overview paper intends to give an up-to-date brief description of the capabilities of the system, and the main vision behind its development.

In order to enhance the performance of modern computers, the current development is towards placing multiple cores on one chip instead of inreasing the clock rates. To gain a speed-up from this architecture, software programs have to be partitioned into several independent parts. A common representation of these parts is called a task graph or data dependency graph. The authors of this article have developed a module for the OpenModelica Compiler (OMC), which creates, simplifies and schedules such task graphs. The tasks are created based on the BLT (block lower triangular)structure, which is derived from the right hand side of the model equations. A noticeable speed-up for fluid models on modern six-core CPUs can be achieved.

There are many cases where simulation applications need to interact with their environment. Typical examples are Human-in-the-Loop (HITL) simulators (including flight, driving, and marine training simulators), Hardware-inthe-Loop (HIL) simulators, but also offline process simulators which cannot operate in a completely self-contained manner and therefore need to be coupled to external applications. Embedded control applications are another related area requiring interaction between applications and their environment. The Modelica_DeviceDrivers library, which had its first release as open-source library in 2012, tries to cater to such use cases. This paper describes the library for the first time and reports about the numerous challenges that the project experienced to meet its goal of supporting several platforms and tools within a standardconform, platform-generic, feature-rich, and easy-to-use Modelica library. Furthermore, the paper gives an insight into the inner mechanics of the library's communication and serialization functionalities, the various supported hardware interfaces and the possibilities to generate code for embedded systems.

Large and highly-detailed Modelica models are frequently modeled by utilizing repeated structures, which is a repetition of various elements that are linked together in an iterative manner. While the Modelica language standard supports the representation of repeated structures, most Modelica compilers do not exploit their advantages for efficient simulations. Instead, all repeated equations are flattened and all array variables are expanded. This leads to unnecessarily long compile times and higher memory consumption. Another aspect that has been yet inadequately considered and is closely connected to repeated structures is vectorization. The vector units of modern CPUs can be engaged to perform SIMD (Single Instruction, Multiple Data) operations, executing the same instruction on multiple data points in parallel. This reveals a high potential for faster simulations. This paper discusses the advantages of utilizing repeated structures for modeling in order to achieve both faster compilation and simulation times. The potentials of preserving for loops throughout compilation are demonstrated using a basic implementation in the OpenModelica Compiler. The effect on the simulation time by enabling vectorization is demonstrated for an appropriate model.

Anthocyanins are the principal color-producing compounds synthesized in developing fruits of strawberry (Fragaria spp.). Substantial natural variation in color have been observed in fruits of diploid and octoploid accessions, resulting from distinct accumulation and distribution of anthocyanins in fruits. Anthocyanin biosynthesis is controlled by a clade of R2R3 MYB transcription factors, among which MYB10 has been shown as the main activator in strawberry fruit. Here, we show that MYB10 mutations cause most of the anthocyanin variation observed in diploid woodland strawberry (F. vesca) and octoploid cultivated strawberry (F. ×ananassa). Using a mapping-by-sequencing approach, we identified a gypsytransposon insertion in MYB10 that truncates the protein and knocks out anthocyanin biosynthesis in a white-fruited F. vesca ecotype. Two additional lossof-function MYB10 mutations were identified among geographically diverse whitefruited F. vesca ecotypes. Genetic and transcriptomic analyses in octoploid Fragaria spp. revealed that FaMYB10-2, one of three MYB10 homoeologs identified, residing in the F. iinumae-derived subgenome, regulates the biosynthesis of anthocyanins in developing fruit. Furthermore, independent mutations in MYB10-2 are the underlying cause of natural variation in fruit skin and flesh color in octoploid strawberry. We identified a CACTA-like transposon (FaEnSpm-2) insertion in the MYB10-2 promoter of red-fleshed accessions that was associated with enhanced expression and anthocyanin accumulation. Our findings suggest that putative cis regulatory elements provided by FaEnSpm-2 are required for high and ectopic MYB10-2 expression and induction of anthocyanin biosynthesis in fruit flesh. We developed MYB10-2 (sub-genome) specific DNA markers for marker-assisted selection that accurately predicted anthocyanin phenotypes in octoploid segregating populations.

User experience is an eminent part of holistic product design. Especially in the field of mobile machinery, the driver's impression of the machine handling is crucial for successful design. To get an early understanding of the ergonomic aspects of a new concept of operation, functional prototypes can be applied. This paper presents the tools to develop a functional prototype using free software and low-cost hardware. This includes prototyping of control devices, interfaces to the Modelica-based simulation models and a generic visualization using a game engine. In order to speed up the process of functional prototyping, an approach to automatically visualizing FMUs based on a scene description file is presented. The application of interactive simulation was used to support the development of a novel control device for excavators in a student project at TU Dresden.

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