This report was commissioned by Jill Evans MEP, with the following objectives: Examine how realistic the idea of Associate Union Citizenship is, and how it could be developed giving all UK citizens the opportunity to retain aspects of EU citizenship; Set out what treaty change(s) may be necessary to develop Associate Union Citizenship; Considering that all 27 Member State governments and parliaments of the EU would have to agree to a treaty change, examine what could incentivise the EU-27 to agree to such a treaty change, taking account of reciprocity; Examine what options there could be to paid membership to access, if any; Consider what rights concomitant with Associate Union Citizenship are enshrined in the Government of Wales Acts and other UK legislation devolving competences to the Welsh Government and National Assembly for Wales which could strengthen the case for Associate Union Citizenship.
Through the joint 'North Seas Countries Offshore Grid Initiative' the states bordering the North Seas are establishing shared large-scale offshore electricity infrastructure in order to exploit their offshore wind energy resources. The article argues that this international governance of oceans space comes about legally because international law, European law and national law each fulfil a specific function. The climate regime provides the normative impetus, the law of the sea allocates competences, and European law contains principles of cooperation, which are then implemented through coordinated national law. International law, European law and national law thus become functionally integrated. This analysis has significance beyond shared offshore electricity infrastructure. It illustrates the way in which the functional integration of international law, European law and national law is emerging as a distinct legal institution in its own right, separate and distinct from the various legal orders themselves.
Pipelines and Countermeasures (CUP, 2016) (applying the general law of treaties and state responsibility). This paper does not deny the applicability of general international law. It rather is making the point that the international law of energy is specific and that this specificity determines its relation with other international law.
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