The manufacturing of high-performance carbon fibers (CFs) from low-cost textile grade poly(acrylonitrile) (PAN) homo-and copolymers using continuous electron beam (EB) irradiation, stabilization, and carbonization on a kilogram scale is reported. The resulting CFs have tensile strengths of up to 3.1 ± 0.6 GPa and Young's moduli of up to 212 ± 9 GPa, exceeding standard grade CFs such as Toray T300. Additionally, the Weibull strength and modulus, the microstructure, and the morphology of these CFs are determined.
The construction of electrochromic multilayers on textiles is described. Polyester foils are sputtered with a thin layer of translucent indium tin oxide (ITO). On these ITO layers, WO3 and polyaniline (PANI), respectively, are deposited electrochemically in a continuous process. Both the PANI‐ and WO3‐based materials are equipped with an ion‐conductive interface layer composed of lithium poly(styrene sulfonate). Electrochromic elements are made by laminating a PANI‐ and a WO3‐modified substrates together and by fixing the final material on textile substrates. Electrical control is realized by connecting a metallic fabric to each of the two electrochromic parts of the element. The electrochromic behavior of these materials can be switched reversibly within a few minutes.
Flame‐retarded polyamide 6.6 (FR‐PA6.6) was prepared by the cocondensation of hexamethylene diammonium adipate (AH‐salt) with the corresponding salts of hexamethylene diamine and two different organophosphorus compounds, namely, 3‐hydroxyphenylphosphinylpropanoic acid (3‐HPP, 1) and 9,10‐dihydro‐10‐[2,3‐di (hydroxycarbonylpropyl]‐10‐phosphaphenanthrene‐10‐oxide (DDP, 2). The incorporation of the phosphorus comonomers and the thermal and physical properties of the resulting copolyamides have been studied. The phosphorus‐modified FR‐PA6.6 possesses high relative viscosities of 2.0 to 2.4, good thermal stability, and was used for the production of polyamide blends by merging FR‐PA6.6 with commercial PA6. This offered access to flame‐retarded PA6 multifilaments, which possess tensile strengths up to 0.7 GPa and elastic moduli up to 6.2 GPa. Knitted fabrics of FR‐PA6 exhibit high limiting oxygen index (LOI) values between 36 and 38 and executed burning tests demonstrate that the incorporation of phosphorus‐based comonomers improve flame retardancy significantly. The approach presented here offers a straightforward access to effective flame retardancy in nylon 6.
The article contains sections titled: 1. Introduction 2. History 3. Characteristics of Fibers 3.1. Fineness 3.2. Tenacity and Modulus of Elasticity 3.3. Elongation 4. Spinning 4.1. Wet Spinning 4.2. Dry Spinning 4.3. Melt Spinning 4.4. Electrospinning 5. Prerequisites for Fiber Formation 5.1. Molecular Mass and Fiber Formation 5.2. Molecular Structure and Fiber Properties 5.3. Property Requirements for the Formation of Fiber Structures 5.4. Crystallization 5.5. Organization of Structural Elements 5.6. Structural Models 5.7. Molecular Symmetry and Physical Properties 5.8. Changes in Properties Caused by Symmetry Defects 6. Fiber Properties Required by Textiles 6.1. Requirements to Be Met by Textiles 6.2. Modification of Fiber Properties 6.3. Comfort Properties of Textiles 7. Economic Aspects 8. Tabular Survey of Fibers
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