Introduction Most members of the family Lamiaceae have considerable importance in areas such as medicine, food, cosmetics, and perfumery, as they are rich in essential oils, aromatic oils, and secondary metabolites. Sage, a member of this family, is the generic name for species in the genus Salvia, which has approximately 900 species worldwide (Dweck, 2000). There are 99 species of the genus Salvia L. in Turkey; 51 of these species are endemic. Turkey is one of the important gene centers for Salvia species (Güner et al., 2012). These species include annual, perennial, and biennial plants in bush form. As important medical plants since ancient times, the leaves, flowers, shoot tips, and partial stems of Salvia species are all utilized. In folk medicine, sage leaves are valued for the treatment of many disorders and have been used for their soothing properties, for pain relief and prevention of colds and coughs, for lowering blood pressure, and for sweat-breaking; they have been used as expectorants, disinfectants, and muscle pain relievers, and as a part of midwifery practice (Sarı et al., 2012; Bayram et al., 2016). Consumption of these species as herbal teas is quite common, as well. Salvia species appeal to a wide range of consumer groups due to their characteristics, and because they are used in the food, pharmaceutical, and chemical industries their market potential is quite high. The S. virgata species belonging to the genus Salvia is a perennial and herbaceous plant that can grow up to 30-100 cm high with an erect and highly branched structure. The leaves are simple, usually scattered on the body, sometimes collected on the base. The flower is a compound cluster. The petals are violet, blue, or mauve, rarely white, and it favors a wide variety of habitats such as shrubland, forests, meadows, low fields, limestone and volcanic rocks, and roadsides (

Antibiotic resistance has remarkable potential in human beings and veterinary medicine. However, to prevent the clinical reflection of this resistance from reaching the feared dimensions, there is a requirement for antimicrobial treatment options supported and improved with new molecular biocursors at the preclinical point. Platelet-rich plasma (PRP) and fibrin (PRF) are biomaterial products that recently used to increase the anti-infective defense system by platelet growth factors to support postoperative wound healing, bone regeneration, graft stabilization, biofilm inhibition, catheter hygiene, and hemostasis. Recently, research has been carried out on antibacterial, antifungal, and prevention of clinical biofilm formation. Autologous platelet concentrates are autogenous and do not cause any immunological reaction or infection. Therefore, the choice and application of regenerative therapies are being favored due to their nominal invasive procedures. In particular, PRP and PRF are of interest because of their influence to stimulate and speed up the injury area healing process. Cytokines and growth factors involved in the formation of PRP are played an important role in the recovery process. This article aims to evaluate the antibacterial, antifungal and antibiofilm properties of PRP and PRF in the field of microbiology. In addition, the act of growth factors in the process of healing and their use in regenerative treatments were also evaluated.

İnfeksiyöz keratokonjonktivit (İKC) sığır ve koyunlarda ekonomik kayıplara neden olan bir göz hastalığıdır. Hastalık etkenleri genel olarak Moraxella bovis ve M. ovis olarak bilinirken 2007'de IKC'den de sorumlu türler arasına M. bovoculi’de tanımlanmıştır. Bu çalışmanın amacı konjonktival hiperemi, oküler ağrı, fotofobi ve lakrimasyon semptomları gösteren develerde Moraxella spp. varlığının saptanması ve antimikrobiyal duyarlılık profillerindeki farklılıkları belirlemektir. Aydın yöresinde 30 adet deve’ye (Camelus dromedarius) ait sağ ve sol gözlerden bilateral (n= 60 örnek) konjonktival svap örnekleri nazikçe toplandı. Moraxella spp. (6/60; %10) suşları sürüntü örneklerinden fenotipik ve genotipik yöntemlerle izole edildi. Biyokimyasal olarak ilk değerlendirme nitrat redüksiyon ve jelatinaz sonuç negatif olması yönünden M. ovis ve M. bovoculi (M. bovis negatif) ile uyumluluk gösterdi. Ayrıca, 357F ve 1492R evrensel primerleri kullanarak 16S rRNA PCR gerçekleştirildi ve nükleotit sekansı yapıldı. Sanger sekanslama ile izolatların Moraxella bovoculi (Moraxella bovoculi suşu 3709'a %98-99 benzerlik Access. No: GU181221.1) olduğu doğrulandı. İzolatlarda eritromisin (%100), amoksisilin-klavulanik asit, penisilin, siprofloksasin ve tetrasiklin (%67) gibi yaygın antibiyotiklere direnç, sefotaksim, gentamisin ve imipenem’e (%100) duyarlılık tespit edildi. M. bovoculi suşu develerin göz infeksiyonlarında ülkemizde daha önce rapor edilmemiştir. Bu nedenle çalışmamız develerin göz infeksiyonlarında M. bovoculi'nin varlığını doğrulamaktadır ve develerin göz infeksiyonlarından izole edilebileceğine vurgu yapmaktadır.

In this study, the presence and antimicrobial susceptibility of Mannheimia haemolytica and Pasteurella multocida pathogens in 200 sheep-lamb lung samples with pneumonia were investigated in 7 provinces of the Aegean region between 2019-2021. The tissues of the animals were inoculated into 7% blood agar and then incubated at 37oC for 24-48 hours. Gram staining was performed on the pure colonies and Gram-negative, oxidase-positive samples were confirmed with the Vitek 2 system. An Antibiogram test was performed and amoxicillin-clavulanic acid, enrofloxacin, erythromycin, florfenicol, gentamicin, oxytetracycline, sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim, tulathromycin discs were used. M. haemolytica was detected in 20(10%) of the samples and P. multocida was detected in 22(11%) of the samples. 20 of the P. multocida isolates (91%) were susceptible to amoxicillin-clavulanic acid, florfenicol, and tulathromycin, and 20 of the M. haemolytica isolates (100%) were susceptible to enrofloxacin, oxytetracycline, florfenicol, and tulathromycin. Subsequently, 6 of the P. multocida isolates (27%) were resistant to erythromycin and oxytetracycline, and 5 of the M. haemolytica isolates (25%) were to sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim. As a result, M. haemolytica and P. multocida can be seen with similar percentages as pneumonic agents in sheep-lamb pneumonia cases in the Aegean region, but effective treatment can be done with the right antibiotic selection.

The study aims to identify phylogenetic groups and antibiotic susceptibility of poultry Escherichia coli (APEC) isolates. E. coli was phenotypically and biochemically characterized. Isolates from 8/30 (26.66%) liver, 7/30 (23.33%) heart, and 4/30 (13.33%) spleen of 37-42 days old vaccinated broiler chickens were assessed. Then the E. coli isolates (19/90; 21.11%) were phylogrouped by quadruplex genotyping based on the presence or absence of arpA, chuA, yjaA genes, and TspE4.C2 DNA fragment.The majority of APEC strains belonged to phylogenetic group C, followed by groups A, E, and F. Phylogroup C was observed in the liver, phylogroup A in both liver and heart samples, phylogroup E in the heart and spleen, and phylogroup F in the liver. The highest antibiotic resistance was observed in Amoxicillin-Clavulanic acid and Ampicillin (100%) predominantly in groups A and E according to antibacterial susceptibility tests. Multiple antibiotic resistance (MDR) for APEC strains was also found at 68.42% (13/19). Of the 19 isolates tested, only 13 (68%) were susceptible to high levels of gentamicin. APEC strains belonging to phylogroups C, A, and E are of epidemiological importance for broilers. It would be beneficial to investigate new phylogroups by performing more detailed genotypic analyzes in APEC strains.

This research aimed to use a conventional and molecular approach to determine Candida species isolated from cattle clinical mastitis and examine their antifungal susceptibility. In this research, 100 milk samples with mastitis were collected from dairy farms in five different Izmir districts. On chromogenic agar, 23 Candida isolates were isolated from milk samples with mastitis, and 20 (87.0%) isolates were identified as C. krusei, two (8.6%) isolates as C. albicans, and one (4.3%) isolate as C. tropicalis. PCR analysis verified that all Candida isolates were C. krusei, C. albicans, and C. tropicalis. According to sequence analysis, it was determined that 11 of the C. krusei isolates had >97% similarity to “Pichia kudriavzeii ZKI117 5.8S ribosomal gene”; six of the C. krusei isolates to “Pichia kudriavzeii isolate L-012 small subunit ribosomal RNA gene”; two C. krusei isolates to “Pichia kudriavzeii isolate 3 internal transcribed spacer 1”; and one C. krusei isolates to “Pichia kudriavzeii LL11_078 18S ribosomal gene”; two C. albicans isolates to “Candida albicans isolate B02 5.8S ribosomal gene”; one C. tropicalis isolate to “Candida tropicalis isolate CTR1201 18S ribosomal gene”. In the antifungal susceptibility test results, all Candida isolates (%100) were resistant to metronidazole and flucytosine. Consequently, it was determined that identifying Candida agents and determining antifungal susceptibility in farms with mycotic mastitis will ensure the application of correct treatment protocols and reduce economic losses due to fungal mastitis.

Bu çalışmada 2019-2021 yılları arasında Ege bölgesine ait 7 ilde (Aydın, Denizli, İzmir, Kütahya, Manisa, Muğla, Uşak) görülen neonatal (0-28 gün) kuzu ölümlerinde Escherichia coli (E. coli) septisemisi araştırıldı ve etkenin antimikrobiyal duyarlılıkları tespit edildi. Araştırmanın materyalini 150 adet kuzu viseral organ ve dokusu (akciğer, karaciğer, dalak, lenf, kemik iliği ve barsak) oluşturdu. Örnekler, nutrient broth 37°C’de 24 saat aerobik şartlarda inkube edildi ve daha sonra %7 kanlı agara ve MacConkey agara ekimler yapılarak 37oC'de 24-48 saat inkubasyona bırakıldı. Kanlı agarda grimsi S tipli, MacConkey agarda pembe, mukoid olmayan koloni oluşturan Gram negatif basiller E. coli olarak değerlendirildi ve Vitek 2 sistemi ile de doğrulandı. Örneklerin %88,66 (133/150)'sında E. coli etkeni tespit edildi. Etken izolasyonu en çok İzmir (31/133; %23,30) ve Aydın (25/133; %18,80)'da yapıldı. Diğer illerde bulgular birbirine yakın seyir gösterdi. Antibiyotik duyarlılık testinde amoksisilin- klavulanik asit (30 µg), sefoperazon (30 µg), eritromisin (15 µg), penisilin G (10 units), gentamisin (10 µg), tetrasiklin (30 µg), trimetoprim-sulfametoksazol (25 µg) ve enrofloksasin (5 µg) ticari diskleri kullanıldı. İzolatların 110’u (%73,33) gentamisin'e, 80'i sefoperazon'a (%53,33) ve 70'i (%46,66) amoksisilin-klavulanik asit'e duyarlı bulundu. Ek olarak, izolatların tüm'ü penisilin G' ye (%100), 146'sı (%97,33) eritromisin'e, 122'si tetrasiklin'e (%81,33) ve 119'u (%79,33) sulfametaksazol-trimethoprim'e dirençli bulundu. Sonuç olarak Ege bölgesinde iç organlar tutulumu ile karakterize E. coli septisemisi görülmektedir. Mortalite'nin antibiyogram ile akılcı antibiyotik kullanımı, doğru tedavi yaklaşımları ve koruyucu hekimlik uygulamaları ile azalma göstereceği ve ekonomiye olumlu katkı sağlayacağı düşünülmektedir.

Citrobacter freundii is a zoonotic pathogen that causes skin injuries and high mortality rates in fish. This study aims to determine the presence of C. freundii and antibiotic susceptibility in 50 goldfish (Carassius auratus) skin wounds with local bleeding between the ages of 8–18 months in three regions (A, B, and C) located in the West of Turkey. C. freundii (22/50; 44%) strains were isolated from wound swab samples by phenotypic and genotypic methods. C. freundii isolates were positive for H2S, mannitol, and indole, and were negative for the gas formation and urea. All C. freundii isolates showed 96% similarity to C. freundii strain BAO2749 according to the Sanger sequence method. Isolates were also resistant to ampicillin at 57.09% and susceptible to cefoperazone and sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim by 100%. Statistical analyses were evaluated at a confidence interval of 95%. A p value < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. In conclusion, C. freundii isolates can play a significant role in the pathophysiology of infections in goldfish (Carassius auratus). It can also cause commercial losses in businesses. For this reason, it will be beneficial to control C. freundii pathogenicity in aquarium fish with prophylactic applications to improve product quality and treat diseases in ornamental fish farming.