The article engages in exploring the differences between standard panel regression model and multilevel panel model while estimating growth models on a sample of European food manufacturing companies for period 2004–2013. The article provides an overview of both approaches, critically identifies their strengths and weaknesses and concludes by recommendation on specifics of usage of each of those. Results of models suggest positive impact of political and legal framework and openness of economy and negative impact of government expenditures and economic conditions on firm performance. Comparison of approaches shows that similar results are obtained, though with relative higher significance of multilevel model’s coefficient. Theoretical background of Growth Theory and statistical methods suggest preference of multilevel model with a constrain of data availability.
The Services Directive puts into motion the free movement of services, one of the milestones of the Single Market of the European Union. Though very ambitious in its draft version, several adjustments have been made and it is being questioned whether the final Directive is helpful at all. This article aims to answer the question by focusing on the productivity of affected companies from retail and the wholesale trade sector with the use of two distinct control groups and employing difference‐in‐difference‐in‐differences design on firm‐level data. The article finds that the Services Directive has significantly increased the productivity of companies though the results cannot be labelled as profoundly causal, as is further discussed in the article.
The article deals with the impact that the EU enlargement had on productivity of firms in accessing countries, particularly Romania and Bulgaria that accessed EU in 2007. Microeconomic data suggest that the impact of accession itself can be negative in a short run in case of countries that received promised benefits in disintegrated manner and also experienced problems with obliging requirements of EU accession that resulted in negative measures taken. The negative short run effect can hinder the benefits in the euphoria following the accession and therefore could be considered as part of accession process in certain situations.
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