The pathogenesis of gastroduodenal diseases is related to the diversity of Helicobacter pylori strains. CagApositive strains are more likely to cause gastric cancer than CagA-negative strains. Based on EPIYA (GluPro-Ile-Tyr-Ala) motifs at the carboxyl terminus corresponding to phosphorylation sites, H. pylori CagA is divided into East Asian CagA and Western CagA. The former type prevails in East Asia and is more closely associated with gastric cancer. The present study used full sequences of the cagA gene and CagA protein of 22 H. pylori strains in gastric cancer and peptic ulcer patients from Southern Vietnam to make a comparison of genetic homology among Vietnamese strains and between them and other strains in East Asia. A phylogenetic tree was constructed based on full amino acid sequences of 22 Vietnamese strains in accordance with 54 references from around the world. The cagA gene was found in all Vietnamese H. pylori strains. Twenty-one of 22 (95.5%) strains belonged to the East Asian type and had similar characteristics of amino acid sequence at the carboxyl terminus to other strains from the East Asian region. From evidence of East Asian CagA and epidemiologic cancerous lesions in Vietnam, H. pylori-infected Vietnamese can be classified into a high-risk group for gastric cancer, but further studies on the interaction among environmental and virulence factors should be done. Finally, phylogenetic data support that there is a Japanese subtype in the Western CagA type.
The ability of current overseas screening to detect tuberculosis among immigrants with abnormal chest radiographs is low. Improved diagnostic methods, enhanced screening measures, and postmigration follow-up are essential to control tuberculosis among immigrants and support US and global tuberculosis elimination.
Results from two dengue rapid tests, the PanBio Duo cassette and the SD Bioline strip test, were compared to those of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (Focus Diagnostics) from sera of 200 Vietnamese febrile patients. The PanBio assay was superior, with sensitivity and specificity values for acute-phase serum samples of 54% and 70% (immunoglobulin M) and 70% and 88% (immunoglobulin G), respectively.Vietnam is a region of endemicity for dengue virus, with an annual incidence of first infections exceeding 10% (9). Dengue is often misdiagnosed or ignored, and routine notification of dengue virus infections grossly underestimates the burden of disease (6, 7). Routine serological diagnosis is usually based on the detection of dengue-specific serum immunoglobulin M (IgM) and IgG in paired sera using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) (8,11). ELISA is also the basis for an abundance of rapid tests (1). The latest models make use of the lateral flow principle, with the advantage that the test sample can be applied directly on the test pad together with a buffer solution (2). In this study we compared a newly developed lateral flow test for dengue to another commercially available product with a population of febrile patients from Vietnam, an area where dengue is highly endemic.The study site has been described elsewhere (5, 6). Patients with acute fever without signs of severe systemic or organspecific disease were included. Two blood samples were collected by venous puncture on presentation (at time 0 [t0]) and after 3 weeks (t3 weeks); sera were stored in a freezer at Ϫ70°C until analysis. Paired serum samples were tested with a commercially available IgM capture and an IgG ELISA (Focus Diagnostics Inc., Cypress, CA) (4). Details regarding both the IgM capture ELISA and the IgG ELISA and the interpretation of the results have been described previously (4, 10). Two rapid tests were evaluated: the PanBio Dengue Duo Cassette (PanBio Ltd., Queensland, Australia) and the SD Bioline Dengue IgG/IgM strip test (Standard Diagnostics Inc., Kyonggi-do, Korea). The rapid tests were read according to the manufacturers' instructions by two independent investigators. Results were read as positive and negative. Indeterminate results were recorded as such. Acute primary dengue infection was defined
Our data indicate that the incidence of SSI is high in our study population, that the main pathogens causing SSI are gram-negative bacteria and are often resistant to commonly used antimicrobials, that the use of broad-spectrum antimicrobials after surgery is widespread, and that implementation of interventions aimed at promoting appropriate and evidence-based use of antimicrobials are needed in Vietnam.
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