The article deals with the solution of significant scientific issues - increasing the yield of sunflower hybrids by optimizing the basic elements of cultivation technology. The research was conducted in the period of 2018-2019 and 2019-2020 in the experimental field of VNAU on the basis of SRF “Agronomichne”, which is located in the village of Agronomichne, Vinnytsia region. Researches devoted to the effects of foliar fertilization invastigated two hybrids of sunflower of the middle-early maturity group: Bosphor and Sanai MR, the study of the impact of sowing dates and the system of basic tillage early-ripe Antey, medium-early NA sumo 2017 and medium-ripe Tutti. The soil in the experimental plot is gray forest medium loam. According to the results of measurements, the shift of sowing dates towards later years in the conditions of research caused a decrease in plant height (by 4.0-18.0 cm) of all studied forms, in comparison with the early sowing period. As for the location on the stem of the basket, mostly all plants they leaned down, except for plants of the hybrid Antey in late sowing and NA sumo 2017 - in the second, in which the baskets were located at an angle of 45oC to the soil surface. During the harvest in all variants, the seeds from the baskets were threshed very well. The largest diameter of the basket was formed in hybrids Antey, NS sumo 2017 and Tutti for sowing in the second term (April 29 - May 5 at a soil temperature of + 10-12 ° C) and was, respectively, 16.4; 16.3 and 16.5 cm. In the hybrid NS sumo 2017 this figure was almost the same for both the first and second sowing dates - 16.3 and 16.2 cm. The weight of 1000 grains and the weight of seeds from one basket was the largest (39.6- 53.5 g) in all studied hybrids during the first sowing period. However, the number of seeds in the basket varied over time depending on the hybrid. Thus, the largest number of seeds in the basket was in the hybrid Antey for sowing in the second term – 1255 pcs., Hybrid NS sumo 2017 – in the third term (1593 pcs.) And hybrid Tutti - for sowing in the first term (1257 pcs.). The highest yield of hybrids Antey, NS sumo 2017, Tutti was obtained for sowing in the early period (April 18-22) – respectively 3.54 t / ha, 3.31 t / ha, 3.50 t / ha. Implementation of foliar fertilization with microfertilizer Avangard R Sunflower in the phase of 6-8 pairs of sunflower leaves promotes productivity in the hybrid Bosphorus – 3.08 and Sanai MR - 2.99 t / ha, which is 12.43 and 11.17% more than in the control. The highest yield was established, on average for two years, was for board tillage - early-maturing hybrid Antey – 2.72 t / ha, medium-early sumo 2017 - 2.79 t / ha and medium-ripe Tutti – 3.05 t / ha, which by 0.32 t / ha, 0.19 and 0.24 t / ha, respectively, exceeded the yield of the experiment with surface treatment. With flat cultivation, the yield of sunflower hybrids averaged over two years - early ripening Antey - 2.58 t / ha, medium-early sumo 2017 - 2.63 t / ha and medium-ripe Tutti - 2.87 t / ha. Concerning the oil content depending on the sowing date, it should be noted that the highest oil content was observed in the studied hybrids Antey (49.3%) and Tutti (50.3%) when using the second sowing period April 29 – May 5 -12 ° C)), and in the hybrid NS sumo 2017 the highest oil content was observed when applying the early sowing period (I - April 18-22 (+ 6-8 ° C) - 50.2%. Seed husk was the highest in the hybrid Tutti - 22.05-23.25%, the smallest in the precocious hybrid Antey - 20.55-21.65%, and the smallest in the hybrid NS sumo 2017 - 20.50-21.65%. Sowing dates did not significantly affect the seed husk by years of research in all hybrids.
The article highlights the solution of important scientific issues - increasing the yield of sunflower hybrids by applying the optimal system of basic tillage in the context of global climate change. The research was carried out in 2021 in the experimental field of VNAU on the basis of NDG "Agronomichne", which is located in the village of Agronomichne, Vinnytsia region. We studied three methods of basic tillage for sunflower crops - plowing to a depth of 23-25 cm (control), mouldboardless loosening - deep cultivator to a depth of 14-16 cm and surface disk tillage to a depth of 10-12 cm in the cultivation of sunflower hybrids of different maturity groups SI Arco, Alcantara and NC Brio). The best conditions for growth and development of sunflower plants were created in the variant where the mouldboard tillage was carried out with a plow PLN-3-35 to a depth of 23-25 cm and the whole period the cultivated plants were without competition from weeds for life factors - SI Arko - 143 cm, Alcantara - 158 cm and NC Brio - 177 cm. It should also be noted the increase in the height of sunflower plants with the extension of the growing season. The height of plants in the early-ripening hybrid of sunflower SI Arco in 2021 ranged from 122-143 cm, middle-early Alcantara - 142-158 cm and medium-ripe NK Brio - 160-177 cm, i.e. was the highest. Shallow and surface tillage with disc implements increases vegetative weeds by 2.3 and 2.8 times, respectively. The implementation of protective mechanized measures for sunflower sowing against weeds has contributed to a significant reduction in their number. Thus, in the control variant with shelf plowing with PLN-3-35 plow to a depth of 23-25 cm in the flowering phase of the basket, it was in the hybrid of sunflower SI Arco - 28 pcs. / m2, Alcantara - 45 pcs. / m2 and NK Brio - 25 pcs. ./m2, on the version with shelf-free loosening with a deep ripper "Bravo Till" to a depth of 14-16 cm - 75 pcs./ m2, 83 and 78 pcs./ m2, and with surface disk tillage harrow BDT-7 to a depth of 10-12 cm were the highest - 127 units / m2, 134 and 119 units / m2. Against the background of plowing, their number decreased by 31.2-42.8%. Carrying out mechanical measures (one before ladder and one after ladder harrowing, as well as inter-row loosening in the phase of 5-6 leaves of sunflower) protection of sunflower against the background of plowing helped to reduce weeds by 21.0-33.6%. At the end, plowing yield of sunflower seeds was higher (by 0.21-0.74 t / ha). The value of oil content when using mouldboard plowing was the highest and was in SI Arco - 46.4%, Alcantara - 47.2% and NC Brio - 47.4%.
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