It is demonstrated that contemporary conception on adiabaticity of sound in the Earth atmosphere is fair in sufficient approximation only for altitudes <i>z</i> ≤ 10<sup>3 </sup>m. At higher altitudes adiabaticity of sound is violated and essential dependence of its speed on altitude is revealed which is related to heterogeneity of the atmosphere in gravitation field of the Earth. It became possible to reveal the factor of gravity field due to the fact that in the equation of the state of atmosphere considered to be ideal gas, the entropy s is taken into consideration and is written down as <i>ρ = (p, s)</i> instead of generally accepted <i>ρ = ρ(p)</i> which is fair only for isentropic media and is not applicable to the Earth. Such approach enabled to determine that apart from adiabatic mechanism of generation of sound wave there exists isobaric one and exactly this mechanism leads to dependence of sound speed on altitude which is the same as dependence on density
It is demonstrated that the universally accepted system of gas-dynamic (hydrodynamic) equations is applicable only to homogeneous (isentropic) media and requires advancement to get applicable to non-homogeneous media. A generalized equation of gravitational wave for adiabatic and ideal media is obtained from advanced system. From this equation, in turn, is obtained an equation of acoustic wave, which is plane and different form the known equation in that the phase speed of the wave in the Earth atmosphere obviously depends on altitude, <i>i.e. C = C (z, T)</i> instead of accepted <i>C = C (T)</i>. Thus, acoustic wave is a short-period gravitational wave in which gravitational effects are revealed at altitudes <i>z</i> > 2.3 × 10<sup>3</sup> m, which leads to amplification of refraction of sound. The sphere of applicability of the equation is determined and it is demonstrated that it is true only up to the upper boundary of the troposphere ( <i>z</i> ≤ 11 - 12km.) above which anomalous processes develop in the atmosphere
The paper considers the applied problems of hydrodynamics and based on the new results, published by the author in recent years, shows that main assumptions used in the course of their solution, namely, incompressibility of liquids and potentiality of their movement, are not applicable to liquids in the gravitational field of the Earth.
It is shown that the criterion of incompressibility applicable to any medium, contradicts to the real meaning of this term. On the basis of expression of speed of sound in inhomogeneous medium and generalized equation of continuity of mass obtained in papers [1,2] respectively, it is proved that so called internal gravitation waves do not exist in nature. This concept appeared as a result of incorrect interpretation of incompressibility of medium. Correct understanding of criteria of compressibility or incompressibility leads to qualitatively new understanding of homogeneity or heterogeneity of medium, in particular—only strongly inhomogeneous medium can be incompressible while weakly inhomogeneous medium is always compressible. Besides, it is shown that in inhomogeneous media additional terms are added to known hydrodynamic (gas dynamic) correlations applicable to any medium which disappear at transfer to homogeneous model of medium.
It is shown that when the compressibility of a fluid is taken into account, the nonlinear term disappears in the Euler equation. The validity of this approach is proved by the example of capillary waves.
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