Резюме. Возникшая на рубеже 2019-2020 гг. сначала в г. Ухань (китайской провинции Хубэй) и распространившаяся затем во многие страны мира эпидемия COVID-19 (Coronavirus disease 2019), этиологически связанная с вирусом тяжелого острого респираторного синдрома 2 типа (SARS-CoV-2 -Severe acute respiratory syndrome 2), породила новую волну интереса к коронавирусам. Первые коронавирусы -представители семейства Coronaviridae из отряда Nidovirales -были открыты еще в первой половине прошлого века. Первый коронавирус человека, HCoV-B814, был изолирован в 1965 г. и к настоящему времени не сохранился в вирусологических коллекциях. За прошедшее время произошло многократное наслоение устаревших названий. К началу XXI в. коронавирусы представляли серьезную ветеринарную проблему, однако считалось, что эпидемические коронавирусы не относятся к числу особо опасных. Научному сообществу пришлось пересматривать эти представления сначала в 2002 г., когда вирус тяжелого острого респираторного синдрома (SARS-CoV -Severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus) проник в популяцию людей из популяции летучих мышей в Юго-Восточной Азии, а потом в 2012 г., когда были открыты природные очаги вируса Ближневосточного респираторного синдрома (MERS-CoV -Middle East respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus) на территории Аравийского полуострова. В результате активизации интереса к коронавирусам, в первые два десятилетия XXI в. было открыто большое количество новых представителей Coronaviridae, что потребовало нескольких ревизий таксономической структуры этого семейства. Настоящий обзор посвящен истории изучения коронавирусов и системе их современной классификации, которая сложилась на начало 2020 г. в соответствии с последними рекомендациями Международного Комитета по таксономии вирусов.
Viruses are evolving at an alarming rate, spreading and inconspicuously adapting to cutting-edge therapies. Therefore, the search for rapid, informative and reliable diagnostic methods is becoming urgent as ever. Conventional clinical tests (PCR, serology, etc.) are being continually optimized, yet provide very limited data. Could high throughput sequencing (HTS) become the future gold standard in molecular diagnostics of viral infections? Compared to conventional clinical tests, HTS is universal and more precise at profiling pathogens. Nevertheless, it has not yet been widely accepted as a diagnostic tool, owing primarily to its high cost and the complexity of sample preparation and data analysis. Those obstacles must be tackled to integrate HTS into daily clinical practice. For this, three objectives are to be achieved: (1) designing and assessing universal protocols for library preparation, (2) assembling purpose-specific pipelines, and (3) building computational infrastructure to suit the needs and financial abilities of modern healthcare centers. Data harvested with HTS could not only augment diagnostics and help to choose the correct therapy, but also facilitate research in epidemiology, genetics and virology. This information, in turn, could significantly aid clinicians in battling viral infections.
Near complete rabies virus N gene sequences (1,110 nt) were determined for 82 isolates obtained from different regions of Russia between 2008 and 2016. These sequences were analyzed together with 108 representative GenBank sequences from 1977–2016 using the Bayesian coalescent approach. The timing of the major evolutionary events was estimated. Most of the isolates represented the steppe rabies virus group C, which was found over a vast geographic region from Central Russia to Mongolia and split into three groups (C0-C2) with discrete geographic prevalence. A single strain of the steppe rabies virus lineage was isolated in the far eastern part of Russia (Primorsky Krai), likely as a result of a recent anthropogenic introduction. For the first time the polar rabies virus group A2, previously reported in Alaska, was described in the northern part of European Russia and at the Franz Josef Land. Phylogenetic analysis suggested that all currently circulating rabies virus groups in the Russian Federation were introduced within the few last centuries, with most of the groups spreading in the 20th century. The dating of evolutionary events was highly concordant with the historical epidemiological data.
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