Establishing the identity of the criminal is one of the main tactical tasks of the investigation, it is carried out on various grounds: in particular, by appearance features. Law enforcement agencies use both procedural (presentation of a person for identification) and non-procedural ways of identification. The purpose of the article is to identify typical problems arising in the implementation of a person’s identification based on appearance and to develop recommendations for their eradication and elimination. The complex of general scientific methods was used in the study, in particular, a systematic approach determines the application of these methods and allows you to study the problems voiced. The dialectical method makes it possible to establish the objectives of the study in dynamics and interrelationships, to find out the subjective and objective problems of a person’s identification. The logical method and the method of generalization enable to formulate recommendations for eliminating typical errors that occur in investigative and forensic expert practice. It has been determined that the presentation of a person for identification refers to those investigative (search) actions, the result of which, in terms of evidentiary value, cannot be obtained in another way. Main problematic issues arising while presentation of a person for identification are classified into two groups: subjective (that can be solved by increasing the professional competence of the prosecution) and objective (that are quite difficult to eliminate, though sometimes they generally make it impossible to carry out the specified investigative (search) action). It was stressed that a typical problem that excludes the possibility of solving identification problems during composite drawing is the low quality of comparative samples. It has been proven that the main task of the prosecution is the production of comparative materials of appropriate quality, in compliance with the relevant requirements, and, if necessary, the involvement of forensic experts of the corresponding specialization.
The peculiarities for the formation of the methodology of investigating criminal offenses against the authority of state agencies in the field of law enforcement activity have been highlighted. It has been established that the specified group of criminal offenses includes: 1) interference in the activities of a law enforcement officer; 2) the threat of murder, bodily injury or destruction or damage to property in a generally dangerous manner in respect to an official or his relatives or in respect to a citizen performing public duties, used to terminate the activities of a citizen performing public duties or to change its nature in the interests of the person who makes threats; 3) unauthorized appropriation of powers combined with the commission of any socially dangerous actions. The general concept for the formation of forensic methods of investigating criminal offenses of this type has been defined. That concept consists in observing procedural requirements for carrying out inquiry, taking into account the needs of law enforcement agencies, using the experience of scholars on this issue and experience of investigative and judicial agencies in investigating minor crimes and criminal offenses. It has been clarified that during the formation of forensic methods of investigating criminal offenses, there were some controversial issues. They include: issues on the need to include matters about the separation of stages of investigation, forensic prevention, etc. into the structure of tactics of conducting covert (investigative) search actions. It has been established that the structure of methods of investigating criminal offenses against the authority of state agencies in the field of law enforcement activity should consist of the following elements: 1) forensic characteristics of criminal offenses against the authority of state agencies in the field of law enforcement activity; 2) circumstances to be established; 3) features of the beginning of criminal proceedings, typical investigative situations, algorithms of investigative (search) and procedural actions at the initial and subsequent stages of investigation; 4) specific features of tactics of conducting certain investigative (search), covert investigative (search) and procedural actions; 5) general features of using special knowledge; 6) specific features of forensic prevention of criminal offenses against the authority of state agencies in the field of law enforcement activity.
The purpose of the article is to identify the causes and conditions that contribute to the commission of domestic violence against the elderly, as well as the possible consequences of this phenomenon. The article dedicated to exploring the facts of abuse of family members to the elderly. The authors use general and special methods that allow obtaining scientifically based conclusions and suggestions, such as analys, comparison, classification, grouping method, dialectical and forecasting method. In particular, the practice of law enforcement agencies of Ukraine was analyzed and it was established that murders can be the ultimate negative consequence of domestic violence. It was determined that different criteria are used in determining the age category of the elderly in different countries, and therefore, the authors took as a basis the category of women over 55 and men over 60. In this study, the terms "elderly person" and "old people" are used interchangeably. The analysis of the legislation of foreign countries allowed to single out the problematic issues of legal qualification of the facts of domestic violence committed against the elderly, as well as the reasons and conditions that contribute to its commission.
Мета. На підставі аналізу практики органів досудового слідства, наукової літератури необхідно встановити основні положення та виділити особливості тактики допиту потерпілого та свідка, що мають місце під час розслідування посягань на життя працівника правоохоронного органу. Методи. Методологічною основою дослідження є положення загального методу пізнанняматеріалістичної діалектики, її закони і категорії. Відповідно до мети дослідження використовувалася сукупність принципів сучасної теорії пізнання, зокрема системно-діяльнісний, структурний, функціональний та логічний підходи. Результати. Визначено тактичні особливості допиту потерпілого та свідка під час розслідування посягань на життя працівника правоохоронного органу. Вирішено такі основні завдання: встановлено основні положення допиту потерпілих та свідків під час розслідування посягань на життя працівника правоохоронного органу; розкрито особливості тактики допиту та з'ясовано характерні проблеми, що виникають під час досудового розслідування; встановлено методологію дослідження та її доказове значення; сформовано рекомендації щодо удосконалення досудового розслідування по зазначеній категорії кримінальних проваджень. Висновки. Запропоновано рекомендації щодо удосконалення тактики допиту потерпілого та свідка із зазначеної категорії кримінальних проваджень, а саме: невідкладність проведення допиту; обрання місця проведення допиту; врахування психологічного стану потерпілого та свідка, що впливає на формування показань; встановлення послідовності та конкретизації отримання інформації за допомогою тактичних прийомів і засобів; залучення до участі в допиті фахівця, що володіє спеціальними знаннями, необхідними в ході розслідування. Розвиток та удосконалення тактики допиту потерпілого та свідка під час розслідування посягань на життя працівника правоохоронного органу є важливим напрямом подальших наукових досліджень. Ключові слова: криміналістична тактика, досудове слідство, тактика допиту, кримінальне провадження, посягання на життя працівника правоохоронного органу, особа потерпілого, особа свідка.
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