The paper studies the possibility of unifying the two branches of the irreversible engineering thermodynamics, namely finite physical dimensions thermodynamics (FPDT) and finite speed thermodynamics (FST), aiming to take into account their benefits and successes and to eliminate as much as possible their disadvantages. Actually, the two branches have the same goal, that of optimizing the performance of thermal machines and they were developed almost in parallel. Analysis of thermal machines cycles using the FPDT is based on the first and second law of thermodynamics, in the presence of the external irreversibility generated by the heat transfer at finite temperature difference at the thermal reservoirs and internal irreversibility, using the internal source of entropy considered as parameter or function to be specified. The FST is based on the mathematical expression of the first law for process with finite speed that involves three causes of internal irreversibility, namely the finite speed of the piston, internal friction and throttling. The direct method is used in the analysis of thermal machines cycles to provide analytical expression of the machine performance (efficiency and power) as a function of the speed of the process. The significant progress of these two branches of irreversible engineering thermodynamics makes their unification a desirable outcome. We hope that the new model yielded from this study will provide an even more important tool for engineers that will help their attempt to a better design and optimization of thermal machines.
Additive manufacturing technologies have been extensively used in the development of medical products, mainly due to its' complex geometry advantages. Orthoses are among the most common medical devices redesigned for additive manufacturing, as patient specific products. Currently, most of these orthoses are thermoformed from plastic. Advantages of custom and topologically optimized orthosis are mentioned by literature. The aim of this paper is to study the possibility of using lattice structures for the design and development of a functional ankle foot orthosis. The mechanical behavior of an ankle foot orthosis is studied, by optimization using lattice structures, for three different materials, to reduce its weight but also to keep its original resistance. The resulted ankle foot orthosis model is loaded with 500 N, to simulate the real-life value of the force that is applied normally on an actual orthosis. Research results show that the optimum material is PET-G for both 50% and 100% lattice values.
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