Phytophthora species are well-known destructive forest pathogens, especially in natural ecosystems. The wild apple (Malus sieversii (Ledeb.) Roem.) is the primary ancestor of M. domestica (Borkh.) and important germplasm resource for apple breeding and improvement. During the period from 2016 to 2018, a survey of Phytophthora diversity was performed at four wild apple forest plots (Xin Yuan (XY), Ba Lian (BL), Ku Erdening (KE), and Jin Qikesai (JQ)) on the northern slopes of Tianshan Mountain in Xinjiang, China. Phytophthora species were isolated from baiting leaves from stream, canopy drip, and soil samples and were identified based on morphological observations and the rDNA internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequence analysis. This is the first comprehensive study from Xinjiang to examine the Phytophthora communities in wild apple forests The 621 resulting Phytophthora isolates were found to reside in 10 different Phytophthora species: eight known species (P. lacustris being the most frequent, followed by P. gonapodyides, P. plurivora, P. gregata, P. chlamydospora, P. inundata, P. virginiana, and P. cactorum) and two previously unrecognized species (P. sp. CYP74 and P. sp. forestsoil-like). The highest species richness of Phytophthora occurred at BL, followed by XY. P. lacustris was the dominant species at BL, XY, and JQ, while P. gonapodyides was the most common at KE. In the present paper, the possible reasons for their distribution, associated implications, and associated diseases are discussed.
Im vergangenen Jahrhundert wird der Balkan im Allgemeinen und insbesondere Ex-Jugoslawien in Medienberichten mit der Metapher "Balkan Pulverfass" beschrieben, als eine Gegend, in der es immer wieder zu Unruhen kam und weiterhin kommen könnte. Im alltäglichen und massenmedialen Diskurs hat die Verwendung von Metaphern eine Evaluierungsfunktion und bei der Darstellung von politisch relevanten Vorgängen eine persuasive Funktion, durch die Einstellungen und Bewertungen des Textproduzenten den Lesern vermittelt werden. In diesem Beitrag werden wir am Beispiel der Metapher "Pulverfass Balkan" aufzeigen, wie die Metapher seit dem Ersten Weltkrieg zum Bewertungsmuster der deutschsprachigen Balkanwahrnehmung geworden ist. Im Mittelpunkt des Beitrages steht die Analyse der Metapher in den deutschsprachigen Berichterstattungen aus Zeitungen und Zeitschriften, die den Zeitraum vom Beginn des Ersten Weltkrieges bis zu Gegenwart umfassen. Ziel des Beitrages ist es zu zeigen, welche Funktionen die Metapher als Deutungsmuster im deutschsprachigen Mediendiskurs zur Sicherheitslage auf dem Balkan, genauer in Ex-Jugoslawien übernommen hat. In diesem Beitrag wird zunächst der Begriff Metapher nach dem Ansatz der konzeptuellen Metapherntheorie und der Blending Theorie erläutert. Anschließend wird mit Schwarz-Friesel (2015) die metaphorische Äußerung "Pulverfass Balkan" im Rahmen der kritischen Kognitionslinguistik (KKL) untersucht. Die Datengrundlage der Analyse bildet das Korpus aus online verfügbaren Archiven und Beiträgen gesammelten Kommentaren, Reportagen, Berichterstattungen und Interviews. Die Ergebnisse der Untersuchung zeigen, dass die metaphorische Äußerung Pulverfass Balkan ein viel breiteres Bedeutungspotential hat.
Our paper conducts a contrastive analysis between Albanian and English lexical units in the language of laws using corpora analysis. It fills a literature gap related to Corpus linguistics in order to better comprehend patterns of legal lexicon. We use KWIC Concordance to extract the top frequently words and concordance lines in order to analyse differences and similarities among lexical units in Albanian (Source Language) and English (Target Language) laws, compared to those identified in respective corpora. Additionally, we identify types of errors in translation, difficulties in translating legal texts, and factors that influence translators’ errors in translating certain laws of the Republic of Kosovo from Albanian into English. According to our analysis, both languages have in common the use of the same grammatical patterns such as: conjunctions, prepositions, and the use of the common noun forms. The rest have significant differences in their usage, especially with regards to particles and determiners. Our contrastive approach demonstrates that some of these laws were not originally written in Albanian and then translated into English language, as many articles within these laws lack the appropriate word structure and word order and in some cases are semantically ill-formed in the Source Language. Key words: analysis, corpus, language, legal, translation, KWIC Concordance.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.
hi@scite.ai
10624 S. Eastern Ave., Ste. A-614
Henderson, NV 89052, USA
Copyright © 2024 scite LLC. All rights reserved.
Made with 💙 for researchers
Part of the Research Solutions Family.