Objective: To review the risk factors of central venous catheter-related bloodstream infection and the recommendations for its prevention.Sources: PubMed, Cochrane Collaboration and Bireme were reviewed using the following inclusion criteria: studies published between 2000 and 2010, study design, hospitalized pediatric population with central venous catheters and studies about central venous catheter-related bloodstream infection. In addition, reference documents were retrieved from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and the Brazilian Health Surveillance Agency. Summary of the findings: Conclusion:The control of risk factors may lead to a reduction of 40% or greater in the incidence of catheter-related bloodstream infection. Insertion surveillance and special attention to central venous catheter in pediatric populations should guide the standardization of healthcare routines to achieve standards for comparisons within and between institutions.J Pediatr (Rio J). 2011;87(6):469-77: Infection, central venous catheter, surveillance. ResumoObjetivo: Rever os fatores de risco para infecção associada a cateteres venosos centrais e as recomendações para a sua prevenção. Entre as medidas preventivas, a literatura recomenda a implementação de protocolos e diretrizes multidisciplinares de cuidados na inserção e manutenção dos cateteres centrais, cuidados com a técnica de inserção dos cateteres venosos centrais, utilização de curativos impregnados com clorexidina, retirada precoce do cateter e adoção de programas de educação continuada para a equipe assistencial. Fontes dos dados: Conclusão:O controle dos fatores de risco pode levar a uma redução igual ou superior a 40% na incidência dessas infecções. A vigilância do processo de inserção e cuidados com os cateteres vasculares centrais na população pediátrica orienta a padronização de rotinas dos serviços de saúde para a obtenção de taxas de referência para comparação intra e interinstitucionais.J Pediatr (Rio J). 2011;87(6):469-77 469470 Jornal de Pediatria -Vol. 87, N° 6, 2011 Infecções associadas a cateteres venosos centrais -Rosado V et al.

Catheter-related bloodstream infections still show high incidence density rates in developing countries. The authors emphasize the need for further longitudinal studies and the need for better strategies to prevent risk factors, aiming at the reduction of catheter-related infections.

Modification of the empiric treatment regimen for neonatal late-onset sepsis with use of oxacillin showed a significant reduction in S. aureus infections, as well as a reduction in the frequency of infections with major organ system involvement and mortality due to infection with this microorganism. As a result, oxacillin can be considered as an effective treatment for late-onset sepsis, making it possible to avoid broad-spectrum antibiotics.

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