The Brazilian federal government Agency for Health Surveillance detected pesticide residues in fresh food available for consumers all over the country. The current study investigated the effects of a mixture of some of those pesticides (dichlorvos, dicofol, dieldrin, endosulfan, and permethrin) on the reproductive system of Sprague-Dawley (SD), Wistar (WT), and Lewis (LEW) rats. Female rats from each strain were randomized into three experimental groups and were fed a control diet or diets added with pesticides mixture at their respective no-observed-effect level (NOEL)/no-observed-adverse-effect level (NOAEL) (low dose) (mg/kg/d): dichlorvos (0.23), dicofol (0.5), dieldrin (0.025), endosulfan (0.7), permethrin (5), or lowest-observed-effect level (LOEL)/lowest-effect level (LEL)/ lowest-observed-adverse-effect level (LOAEL) (toxically effective dose) (mg/kg/d): dichlorvos (2.3), dicofol (2.1), dieldrin (0.05), endosulfan (3.8), and permethrin (25) as reported in the literature. Euthanasia was performed between wk 10 and 12, during the estrous stage. Decreased body weights gain (SD and WT) and increased liver weights (SD, WT, and LEW) were observed in each strain fed the pesticides mixture at the higher levels. At that dose level, rat strains also varied in their responses regarding the estrous cycle, hormonal levels, and number of developing ovarian follicles. The studied mixture of pesticides was found to interfere with the female reproductive system when individual pesticides were mixed above a certain level, indicating a threshold exists for each of the strains studied.
The use of pesticides has become a major problem of public and environmental health in the world and especially in Brazil, which consumes tons of these compounds every year since the 50s. Among the pesticides, cypermethrin is an admittedly widely used synthetic pyrethroid due to its broad spectrum of action, resulting in its massive use in the agricultural sector. Epidemiological data show a considerable increase in the incidence of diseases in the male reproductive tract among them, the decline of sperm quality in various regions of the world, with consequent increase in demand for assisted reproduction services and increased incidences of cryptorchidism, hypospadias and testicular tumors. In recent years, researchers have shown that some pyrethroid compounds are capable of interfering with the endocrine system of animal species, including human being and therefore can be considered as endocrine disrupters. They can result in a deviation from normal homeostatic control or reproduction by interfering with the synthesis, secretion, transport, binding, action or elimination of natural hormones. It has been reported that endocrine disruptors may be responsible for the decline in sperm density and increase in hypospadias, cryptorchidism and testicular Revinter, v. 10, n. 03, p. 18-38, out. 2017. P á g i n a19 | 38 cancer in humans. In this sense, experimental studies have shown that cypermethrin acts indirectly on male gametogenesis, interfering with the synthesis of testosterone.Other disorders induced by cypermethrin are also reported, as structural changes of the seminiferous tubules, morphological changes in germ cells and sperm as well as a reduction in their count in semen. This paper aims to demonstrate aspects of endocrine disruption in the male reproductive system related to cypermethrin exposure, using data from animal studies (in vivo) and biological samples of human beings (in vitro). células germinativas e espermatozoides, bem como uma redução na sua contagem no sêmen. Este trabalho tem como objetivo demonstrar aspectos da desregulação endócrina no sistema reprodutor masculino relacionados à exposição à cipermetrina, utilizando dados de estudos animais (in vivo) e amostras biológicas de seres humanos (in vitro). Palavras
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