Within the 92 households included in the study, the prevalence of Leishmania infection in individuals detected by positive serology was 91/197 (46.2%; 95% CI: 0.3937-0.5316) and by LST was 29/114 (25.4%; 95% CI: 0.1834-0.3414). Reactivity to both antigens was detected in 64/197 individuals (32.5%; 95% CI: 0.2634-0.3931). Among 89 individuals diagnosed with leishmaniasis, we found acute VL in one (1%), subclinical VL in 20 (22.5%), and asymptomatic Leishmania infection in 68 (76.4%) subjects. Use of repellents and bed nets showed no significant protection (prevalence ratio [PR] = 1.01, p = 1.0). Interestingly, individuals residing in houses with a sand backyard had significant protection against Leishmania infection (PR = 1.24, p = 0.049) compared to those with a different type or no backyard. Moreover, the presence of cat or dog at home was also not a risk factor (dog: PR = 1.14, 95% CI: 0.80-1.64; and cat: PR = 1.19, 95% CI: 0.78-1.81). We conclude that in newly discovered areas of transmission of L. infantum infection with sylvatic reservoirs, periodic surveys may be helpful in identifying risk factors for infection and optimizing prevention guidelines.
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