Cultivation medium is one of the first aspects to be considered in zooplankton laboratory cultivation. The use of artificial media does not concern to reproduce natural conditions to the cultivations, which may be achieved by using natural organic compounds like humic substances (HS). This study aimed to evaluate the effects of a concentrate of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) from the Negro River (NR(1)) and an extraction of humic acids (HA) from humus produced by Eisenia andrei on the life history traits of laboratory-based Latonopsis australis SARS (1888). A cohort life table approach was used to provide information about the effectiveness of NR and HA as supplements for the artificial cultivation of L. australis. Additionally, we seek to observe a maximization of L. australis artificial cultivation fitness by expanding the range of HS concentrations. The first experiment demonstrated that the females of L. australis reared under NR10 (mgDOCL(-1)) may have experienced an acceleration of the population life cycle, as the females have proportionally reproduced more and lived shorter than controls. By contrast, the use of the HA did not improve life history traits considered. The expansion of the concentration range (5, 10, 20 and 50 mgDOCL(-1)) corroborated the patterns observed on the first assay. Results for the fitness estimates combined with shorter lifespans than controls demonstrated trade-offs between reproductive output and female longevity reared under NR conditions, with NR20 been suggested as the best L. australis cultivation medium. This response might be associated with hormone-like effects.
As microalgas são consideradas uma rica fonte de metabólitos biologicamente ativos com potencial uso farmacológico. Na indústria farmacêutica, extratos microalgais se destacam por apresentarem importantes atividades biológicas, como a antifúngica. As dermatofitoses são micoses cutâneas ocasionadas por fungos denominados dermatófitos, microrganismos que possuem um biotropismo especial por tecidos queratinizados. O objetivo deste trabalho foi realizar uma revisão de literatura acerca da atividade biológica de extratos e compostos das microalgas em fungos dermatófitos. Trata-se de uma revisão narrativa da literatura, realizada nas bases de dados PubMed, LILACS, SciELO e Google Scholar. Após a busca, foram selecionados 18 artigos publicados entre os anos de 1960 e 2021, nos idiomas inglês e francês. Quatro grupos de microalgas já foram explorados quanto à atividade antifúngica: clorofíceas, diatomáceas, dinoflagelados e cianobactérias, totalizando 40 espécies de microalgas já testadas em 19 espécies de dermatófitos. As diatomáceas e cianobactérias possuem o maior número de testes realizados contra dermatófitos. As espécies de dermatófitos mais testadas foram o T. rubrum e o T. menthagrophytes. Os extratos de S. platensis, C. Braunii, T. nodosa e T. tenuis e os compostos isolados das espécies de dinoflagelados Goniodoma sp., G. toxicus e Amphidinium sp. apresentaram maior atividade inibitória. A falta de padronização dos testes e o potencial antifúngico das microalgas já registrado para os dermatófitos, encoraja a realização de novos estudos para contemplar a grande biodiversidade e testar o efeito sinérgico aditivo com drogas comerciais.
Nosemosis is an important bee disease that is caused by microsporidia fungi of the Nosema genus, whose main etiological agents are Nosema apis and N. ceranae, both of which are found worldwide. In Brazil, the disease has been reported in several states but little is known about its occurrence and distribution in Bahia. This study identified the occurrence and distribution of nosemosis and its agents, N. apis and N. ceranae, in Apis mellifera L. bees collected from apiaries in the state of Bahia, Brazil. A total of 154 bee samples were collected and analyzed from 20 apiaries in six regions of the state. The hives sampled were evaluated for signs of the disease from December 2015 to July 2018. Molecular diagnosis was made using polymerase chain reaction (PCR). No signs of nosemosis were observed in the sampled apiaries, but from 154 samples analyzed via PCR, 96 were infected with N. ceranae. This pathogen was reported in samples from all six regions evaluated, and its occurrence in important apiculture regions of Bahia State is discussed in this study.
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